Basic Geography and Philippine History and Government: LET Reviewer

Basic Geography and Philippine History and Government

Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) Handout Reviewer

Prepared and Compiled by: Mr. Rhey Mark H. Diaz, T1

BSEd Social Studies, Lic. No. 1334242, Exp. June 2020

Basics in Geography

•       Imaginary Lines

–      Latitudes

–      Tropic of Capricorn

–      Tropic of Cancer

–      Equator

–      Arctic Circle

–      Antarctic Circle

–      Longitudes

–      Prime Meridian

–      International Date Line (IDL)

–      Grids

5 Themes of Geography

•       Location

•       Place

•       Human-Environment Interaction

•       Movement

•       Regions

                                               

•       Location
Where are we?

•       Absolute Location

–      A latitude and longitude (global location) or a street address (local location).

–      Paris France is 48^o North Latitude and 2^o East Longitude.

–      The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave.           

•       Relative Location

–      Described by landmarks, time, direction or distance. From one place to another.

–      Go 1 mile west on main street and turn left for 1 block.

•       Place

–      What is it like there, what kind of place is it?

–      Human Characteristics

–      What are the main languages, customs, and beliefs.

–      How many people live, work, and visit a place.

–      Physical Characteristics

–      Landforms (mountains, rivers, etc.), climate, vegetation, wildlife, soil, etc.

Human-Environment Interaction

•       How do humans and the environment affect each other?

–      We depend on it.

–      People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.

–      We modify it.

–      People modify our environment by

                heating and cooling buildings for comfort.

–      We adapt to it.

–      We adapt to the environment by wearing

                clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and

                winter (coats), rain and shine.

•       Movement

•       How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?

–      Human Movement

–      Trucks, Trains, Planes

–      Information Movement

–      Phones, computer (email), mail

–      Idea Movement

–      How do fads move from place to place? 

                TV, Radio, Magazines

•       Regions

•       How are Regions similar to and different from other places?

–      Formal Regions

–      Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries, Cities)

–      Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown).

–      Functional Regions

–      Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).

–      Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)

–      Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)

–      Remembering the 5 themes

•       If you can’t remembering what they are just ask MR. HELP!!!

–      M – Movement

–      R – Regions

–      HE – Human Environment interaction

–      L – Location

–      P - Place

Philippine Geography/ Facts

•       Mt. Apo, Tri-boundaries of Davao City, North Cotabato and Davao del Sur – highest peak

•       Mt. Dulang-dulang, Bukidnon – 2^nd highest Peak

•       Sierra Madre – longest Mountain Range, from Cagayan to Quezon

•       Philippine Deep – deepest depths

•       Luzon – largest Island, Mindanao- 2^nd Largest Island- Most Populated

•       Davao City – largest City, Puerto Princesa City – 2^nd Largest City

•       Pearl of the King – largest Pearl (9 kilos)

•       As of 2014, Philippine Population estimated: 105 Million people, 2^nd  in Southeast Asia and 12^th in the World

•       Manila – (May Nilad) Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad, The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City) Capital City – June 24, 1571(ML. Legaspi) July 17, 1948 (PD 940)

•       Quezon City – (Largest City in the Philippines-according to Population) Capital City (July 17, 1948-June 14, 1976 / RA 333)

•       Cebu City – oldest city (San Miguel, Ciudad de Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, City of Most Holy Name of Jesus)

•       Rio Grande de Cagayan/ Cagayan River – largest and longest river

•       Rio Grande de Mindanao – 2^nd Largest and longest river

•       Famous Volcanoes/ Mountains:

–      Mt. Mayon  - Albay (Region 5)

–      Mt. Hibok-hibok – Camiguin (Region 10)

–      Mt. Canlaon between 2 Negros provinces (Region 6 & 7)

–      Mt. Taal – Batangas (Region 4a)

–      Mt. Banahaw – Quezon province (Region 4a)

–      Mt. Bulusan – Sorsogon (Region 5)

–      Mt. Pinatubo – Zambales (Region 3)

–      Mt. Musuan- Valencia City, Bukidnon (Region 10)

–      Mt. Iriga – Camarines Sur (Region 5)

–      Mt. Iraya – Batanes (Region 2)

–      Mt. Matutum – South Cotabato (Region 12)

–      Mt. Makiling – Laguna (Region 4a)

–      Mt. Arayat – Pampanga (Region 3)

·         18 Regions

·         Newest Region – Negros Island Region (Negros Oriental and Occidental)

·         National Capital Region (16 cities and 1 municipality)

·         ARMM – Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

·         CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region

·         81 – Provinces as of 2017 (Dinagat Islands, Davao Occidental (Malita) RA 10363

•       World Geography

–      7 Continents

–      Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia and Oceania

•       Largest Nation/ Country: Russia

•       Largest City: Tokyo, Japan

•       Greatest Archipelago: 1^st Indonesia 2^nd Philippines

•       Largest Peninsula: Arabian Peninsula

•       Largest Ocean: Pacific Ocean

•       Largest Sea: Mediterranean Sea

•       Largest Lake: Caspian Sea

•       Deepest Depths: Mariana Trench

•       Highest Point/Peak/ Mountain: Mt. Everest (Nepal)

•       Lowest Point: Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan)

•       Smallest Nation/Country: Vatican City (Holy See)

•       Largest Population: 1^st China (1.4 Billion) 2^nd India (1.3 Billion)

•       Largest Economy: 1^st China 2^nd United States

•       Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)

•       Longest River: Nile River

•       Largest River: Amazon River

•       Largest Desert: Sahara Desert

•       Highest Waterfall: Angel Falls (Venezuela)

•       Largest Continent: Asia, 17,212,000 square miles

•       Smallest Continent: Australia, 3,132,000 square miles

•       Highest Lake: The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above sea level

•       Lowest Lake: The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349 feet below sea level

•       Largest Freshwater Lake: Lake Superior, U.S.-Canada, 31,820 square miles

•       Smallest Ocean: Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles

•       Largest Gulf: Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles

•       Largest Bay: The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles

•       Largest Island: Greenland, 839,999 square miles

•       Largest Gorge: Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, U.S., 217 miles long, 4–18 miles wide, 1 mile deep

•       Deepest Gorge: Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet deep

•       Longest Mountain Range: The Andes of South America, 5,000 miles

•       Shortest River: The Roe, Montana, U.S., 200 feet long

•       Longest Estuary: Ob River, Russia, 550 miles long, up to 50 miles wide

•       Largest Lagoon: Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500 square miles

•       5 Major Oceans

–      Pacific (North & South Pacific)

–      Atlantic (North & South Atlantic)

–      Indian Ocean

–      Southern Ocean

–      Arctic Ocean

Land and Water Forms

•       Archipelago - a group of many islands

•       Canal - a man-made waterway connecting two bodies of water and is designed to shorten travel time or irrigate

•       Basin - an area of land largely enclosed by higher land.

•       Bay - part of a body of salt water that reaches into the land; usually smaller than a gulf

•       Canyon - narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion

•       Cape - a curved or hooked piece of land extending into a body of water

•       Channel - a narrow deep waterway connecting two larger bodies of water; the deepest part of the waterway.

•       Coast - land along the sea or ocean

•       Delta - land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers

•       Desert - dry, barren region usually sandy and without trees, little rainfall or practical use of land unless irrigated

•       Forest - a large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; extensive wooded area

•       Glacier - a large body of slow moving ice which alters the land around it through displacement

•       Gulf - part of a sea or ocean that reaches into land; usually larger than a bay

•       Harbor - a sheltered area of water where ships may anchor safely

•       Highland - an area of hills, plateaus, and mountains

•       Hill - a raised part of the earth’s surface with sloping sides; old mountain which because of erosion has become rounder and shorter

•       Iceberg - a large mass of floating ice that has broken off from a glacier, most of this is underwater

•       Inlet - a small part of a body of water that reaches into a coast

•       Island - an area of land completely surrounded by water

•       Isthmus - narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger pieces of land

•       Lake - a large body of water surrounded by land

•       Mountain - high, rocky land, usually with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, higher than a hill

•       Mountain range - a long chain of mountains; a row of connected mountains

•       Oasis -  a fertile place in the desert where there is water and some vegetation

•       Ocean - largest body of salt water; these cover 3/4 of the earth’s surface.

•       Peninsula - piece of land that extends into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water

•       Plain - a broad, flat or gently rolling area; usually low in elevation

•       Plateau - flat highland area with one steep face; elevated plain

•       Port - man-made place along the coastline where ships can load and unload cargo; not a natural harbor

•       Prarie - a large plains region with tall grass

•       Reef - a ridge of rock or sand at or near the surface of the water river
a large stream of water flowing through the land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water

•       Sea - a large body of water, usually salt water, partly or completely surrounded by land

•       Strait - a narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water

•       Swamp - an area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees

•       Valley - low land between hills or mountains

•       Volcano - a cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top

•       Waterfall - place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff

Nick Names of the countries

•       The Great White North - Canada

•       Hellas - Greece

•       Holy Land - Israel

•       Land of the rising sun - Japan

•       The Emerald Isle - Ireland

•       India’s teardrop - Sri Lanka

•       Land of the Indus Valley Civilization - Pakistan

•       Land of the Huns - Hungary

•       Rainbow nation - South Africa

•       Holland - Netherlands

•       The Cradle of Civilization - Egypt

•       The Jewel in the Crown - India

•       The Red Dragon - China

•       Lusitania - Portugal

•       Kiwiland - New Zealand

•       Anatolia - Turkey

•       The Boot - Italy

•       Emerald of the equator - Indonesia

•       The White Rus - Belarus

•       Uncle Sam - USA

•       Abyssinia - Ethiopia

•       Land of Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks - Switzerland

•       Pearl of the Orient Seas - Philippines

•       Mesopotamia - Iraq

•       The Gift of the Nile - Egypt

•       Land of the upright men - Burkina Faso

•       Bread basket of Europe - Ukraine

•       Pearl of the India Ocean - Sri Lanka

•       Home of the Brave - USA

•       The Sleeping Giant - China

•       The Lucky Country - Australia

•       The Armpit of Africa - Cameroon

•       Land of Mary Waters - Guyana

•       The Lungs of the world - Indonesia

•       Land of saint and scholars - Ireland

•       The country on the sunny side of the Alps - Slovenia

•       Land of poets - Chile

•       The Land of smiles - Thailand

•       An island surrounded by land - Paraguay

•       The Subcontinent - India

•       Land of the blue sky - Mongolia

•       The Deed Heart of Africa - Chad

•       The Emerald Isle - Ireland

•       Albion - United Kingdom

•       Land of Milk and Money - Switzerland

•       The Kingdom in the sky - Lesotho

•       Land of the thunder dragon - Bhutan

•       Lechia - Poland

Philippine Cities Nicknames

•       Makati   - The Wall Street of the Philippines

•       Marikina - The Shoe Capital of the Philippines

•       Navotas - The Fishing Capital of the Philippines

•       Pasay - The Travel Capital of the Philippines

•       Dagupan - The Bangus Capital of the Philippines

•       Vigan - The Heritage City of the Philippines

•       Baguio - The Summer Capital of the Philippines

•       La Trinidad - Strawberry Capital of the Philippines

•       Tuguegarao - The Premier Ibanag City

•       Bongabon, Nueva Ecija - Onion Capital of the Philippines

•       Muñoz, Nueva Ecija - The Science City of the Philippines

•       San Fernando, Pampanga - The Christmas City of the Philippines

•       Antipolo, Rizal - The Pilgrimage City of the Philippines

•       Lipa, Batangas - The Rome of the Philippines

•       Los Baños, Laguna- Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines

•       San Pablo, Laguna - The City of Seven Lakes

•       San Pedro, Laguna - Sampaguita Capital of the Philippines

•       Puerto Princesa - The Eco-Tourism Capital of the Philippines

•       Bacolod, Negros Occidental - The City of Smiles

•       Roxas, Capiz - Seafood Capital of the Philippines

•       Cebu - The Queen City of the South

•       Calbayog - City of Waterfalls

•       Dipolog - The Orchid City of the Philippines

•       Zamboanga - Asia's Latin City

•       Cagayan de Oro - The City of Golden Friendship

•       Davao - The Crown Jewel of Mindanao

•       Tagum - Music Capital of the South

•       General Santos City - The Tuna Capital of the Philippines

•       Butuan - Home of the Balangays

•       Marawi - The Only Islamic City in the Philippines

•       Amadeo, Cavite - Coffee Capital of the Philippines

•       Batangas City - Industrial Port City of Calabarzon

•       Calamba City - Cradle of the National Hero

•       Puerto Gallera - The World's Most Beautiful Bay

•       Legazpi - The Queen City of Bicol

•       Pagadian - The Little Hong Kong of the South

Philippine National Symbols

•       Tree – Narra

•       Leaf – Anahaw

•       Fruit – Mango

•       Bird – Philippine Eagle

•       Animal – Water Buffalo/ Carabao

•       Fish – Milk Fish/ Bangus

•       Flower – Waling-Waling/Sampaguita

•       Dish – Lechon/ Adobo

•       House – Nipa Hut/ Bahay Kubo

•       Costume – Male: Barong Tagalog

–      Female: Baro’t Saya

•       Laro – Sipa/Takraw/Arnis

•       Hero – Jose P. Rizal

•       Vehicle – Kalesa

•       Gem – South Sea Pearls/ Pearls

•       Anthem – Lupang Hinirang

•       Language – Filipino

•       Motto – Makadiyos, Makatao, Makalikasan, Makabayan

Philippine Names

•       Claudius Ptolemy – Maniolas

•       Chinese – Mai-i (Mindoro) – Land of Gold

–    Mintolang (Mindanao)

–    Malilu (Manila)

–    Luzon (Lusong)

•       Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Las Islas Felipinas

•       Ferdinand Magellan – Archipelago of St. Lazarus

•       American Colonization – Philippine Islands

•       Islas de Poniente (Islands of the West) – Europeans

•       Pearl of the Orient Seas – Fr. Juan J. Delgado (1751) Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1892)

Origin of the Philippines

•       Biblical

•       Legends (Philippines came from a giant who was carrying a huge rock

•       Science (Claim that it was part of the remnant of Pre-historic Continent called “Mu” or “ Lemuria”) Volcanic Eruptions

–      Continental Shelf Theory

–      Volcanic Theory

Location, Area and Natural Resources

•       Southeast Asia

•       4°23’ N & 21°25’N Latitudes and 116°E & 127°E

•       Northernmost Island: Y’ami – 240 km from Taiwan

•       Southernmost Island: Saluag Isle – 24 km. from Sabah, Malaysia

•       Total Land Area: 300,780 sq.km. or 0.2% of the world's land mass

•       Bigger than United Kingdom and almost as large as Italy and slightly smaller than Japan

•       7,107 islands

•       3 Island Groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

11 main Islands

–      Luzon

–      Mindanao

–      Samar

–      Negros

–      Palawan

–      Panay

–      Mindoro

–      Leyte

–      Cebu

–      Bohol

–      Masbate

•       PD 1596 – declaring the Kalayaan Islands a part of the Philippines – as Municipality under Palawan

•       Philippine Seas – increased due to UNCLOS  of December 10, 1982:

–      Recognition of Archipelagic Doctrine

–      A 12-mile belt of territorial waters

–      200-miles EEZ

Climate

•       Tropical and Monsoonal in Character

•       2 distinct seasons: the dry season (from December to May) and wet season (from June to November)

•       Plant Life: Aurora, marigold, bandera española, cadena de amor, dama de noche, gumamela, kamuning, kalachuchi, jasmin and ilang-ilang

Animal Life:

–      Water  Buffalo

–      Eastern Sarus Crane or Tipol in Luzon and Labong in Visayas – biggest bird

–      Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle (Philippine Eagle)

–      Kalaw – clock in the mountain

–      Katala – can talk like human

–      Palawan Peacock

–      Tamaraw in Mindoro

–      Tarsier in Bohol

–      Mouse deer in Balabac Is. in Palawan

Fish and Marine Resources:

–      Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark) Largest Fish

–      Pandaka Pygmaea (Tabios) Smallest Fish

Minerals

–      Iron-bearing areas: Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur/ Angat, Bulacan, Larap, Camarines Norte, Marinduque and Samar

–      Chromite Deposits: Masinloc, Zambales

–      Nickel: Surigao del Norte

–      Coal: Cebu, Polillo Is, Masbate and Mindanao

–      Asbestos: Ilocos Norte and Zambales

–      Asphalt: Leyte

–      Lead and Zinc:  Masbate

–      Cement: Cebu, La Union and Rizal

–      Sulphur: Biliran, Camiguin and Mt. Apo

–      Tin and Quicksilver: Palawan

Energy

–      Maria Cristina Falls (Hydro-electric)

–      Dams

–      Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant

Scenic Beauties and Natural Wonders

–      Subterranean River National Park, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

–      Mt. Apo, Davao

–      Chocolate Hills in Bohol

–      Mt. Haguimitan in Davao Oriental

–      Hundred Islands in Pangasisnan

–      Mt. Mayon in Albay

–      Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet

–      Boracay Island, Panay Is.

–      Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna

–      Taal Volcano, Batangas

Man-made Wonders

–      Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte

–      Aguinaldo Shrine, Cavite

–      Rizal Shrine, Laguna

–      Vigan Colonial Houses, Ilocos Sur

–      Malacañan Palace, Manila

–      Barasoain Church, Bulacan

–      Corregidor Is., Cavite

–      Death March Marker, Tarlac

–      Fort Santiago, Manila

–      Magellan Marker, Lapu-lapu, Cebu

–      Rizal Monument, Manila

–      Lapu-Lapu Monument, Mactan, Cebu

–      Magellan’s Cross, Cebu

Social Environment

•       Population (2014) – 105 Million (12^th in the World and 2^nd in Southeast Asia)

•       Social Classes: Rich, Middle Class and Lower Class (present time)

Filipino Characters:

–      Fatalism (Bahala na)

–      Sensitive about their honor and reputation (self-pride)

–      Smooth relations with their relatives, friends and colleagues (pakikisama)

–      Lack of Discipline

–      Hiya (Shame)

–      Lack perseverance (Ningas cogon)

–      Mañana Habit

–      Hospitable

–      Liberty-loving people

–      Gratitude (Utang na loob)

–      Cooperative (Bayanihan)

–      Hard Work

–      Durability and Resiliency

–      Kanya-kanya

Regional Traits

–      Ilocanos: are the most adventurous, hardworking, and frugal

–      Tagalog: feel superior to other Filipinos because they live in a region blessed with rich farm lands and navigable rivers and panoramic beauties and their participation in history

–      Bicolanos: are religious, mild-tempered and musical people

–      Bisayans: particularly those from Ilo-ilo are extravagant, carefree and jolly

–      Muslim Filipinos: are fierce and valiant warriors on both land and sea

•       Filipino Women: occupy a high place in Philippine Society

Early Ancestors

•       Biblical Story – Creation by God (Japheth-Javan-Elisha, Tharsis, the Kittim and the Rodanim- Early Filipinos

•       Scientific:

–  Human Theory of Migration and Evolution

–  Migration Theory (Dawn Men  or Cave Men, Negritos, Indonesians, Malays) Henry Otley Bayer

–  Core Population Theory  - Felipe Landa  Jocano

–  germinal period (250,000 to 10,000 BCE)

–  formative period (10,000 to500 BCE

–  incipient period (500 BCE to 900 CE)

–  emergent period (900 to 1400 CE)

–  Robert Fox discovered – Skull Cap of Tabon Cave Man (22,000 BC)

•       Legends and Fairy Tales (Malakas and Maganda)

The Kingdom of Tondo

•       Since at least the year 900, the thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various other peoples in East Asia.

•       Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom

•       Led by kings under the title "Lakan" and ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from or possibly before 900 AD to 1571.

•       It grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines

•       Due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan.

The Rajahnate of Butuan

•       1011AD Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan, a maritime-state famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states.

•       The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals the Dynasty of Tondo and the Champa civilization

•       Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan Silver Paleograph.

The Rajahnate of Cebu

•       The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish.

•       It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which happened to occupy Sumatra.

•        He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead.

•       This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos' (Slave traders) of Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Butuan Rajahnate before it was weakened by the insurrection of Datu (Lord) Lapulapu.

The Confederation of Madja-as

•       During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo.

•       Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named it the Confederation of Madja-as centered in Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of the Visayas.

•       This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas.

•       Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial shipping.

The Country of Mai

•       Around 1225, the Country of Mai, a Signified pre-Hispanic Philippine island-state centered in Mindoro, flourished as an entrepot, attracting traders & shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Yamato Empire of Japan.

The Sultanate of Lanao

•       Founded in16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan, who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520.

•       The Maranaos of Lanao were acquainted with the sultanate system when Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao.

•       Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized.

•       The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses (Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen (16) Royal Houses) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao.

•       This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders, and maintained up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the nation (kaiisaisa o bangsa), patronage (kaseselai) and fraternity (kapapagaria)

The Sultanate of Sulu

•       In 1380, Karim ul' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu.

•       This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its manufacture of fine pearls.

The Sultanate of Maguindanao

•       At the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao

•       Subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun Princess from Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao.

•       By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon.

Malayan Heritage (Pre-Colonial)

•       Food and Drinks:

–      Rice, Carabao Meat, Pork, Chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits

–      They cooked their food in earthen pots on in bamboo tubes

–      They ate with their fingers, using banana leaves as plates and coconut shell as drinking cups

–      They made fide through rubbing two pieces of dry wood

•       Tuba- wine from coconut

•       Lambanog- wine of Tagalogs

•       Basi- wine of Ilocacos, made from sugarcane/ tubo

•       Tapuy- wine of Igorots, made from rice/bigas

•       Pangasi- wine of Visayans. Made from rice/bigas.

–      Mode of Dressing:

–      Men:

–      Kangan- collarless, short-sleeved jacket

–      Bahag- strip of cloth

–      Putong – a piece of cloth wound around the head

–      Kolambigas- gold armlets

–      Women:

–      Baro- wide sleeved jacket

–      Patadyong- skirt

•       Tattoos – to enhance their bodily beauty and to show their war record

•       House:

–      Batalan – where jars of water were kept for household purposes

–      Bahay Kubo

•       Amusements: carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races, and stone-throwing contest, banquets to celebrate good harvests

•       Music:

–      Musical Instruments:

–  Kudyapi (Tagalog guitar),

–  Kalaleng, Tinggian (nose flute),

–  the Kulintang (Moro Xylophone),

–  Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum),

–  the Silbay (Ilocano reed flute) and

–  Suracan (Subanum cymbal)

–      Folk Dances:

–  Kumintang (Love Dance),

–  Dandansoy (Bisayan Tuba Dance),

–  Kinnotan (Ilocano Ant Dance) ,

–  Paujalay (Moro wedding Dance),

–  Tadok (Tinggian love dance)

–      Songs:

–  Tagumpay (Victory Song),

–  Dallu (Negrito Religious Song),

–  Ayog-ku (Igorot serenade song),

–  Bactal (Tagbanua death song),

–  Dallot (Ilocano Ballad Song),

–  Kuilay-kuilay (Tingian wine song),

–  Tudob (Agusan harvest Song)

–      Marriage Customs:

–      To marry within their rank

–      Before the marriage – groom gave dowry to the family of bride (Bigay-kaya)

–      Early Filipinos Practice Divorce

–      Panghimuyat – a certain amount of money given to the bride to be parents as payment for the mother’s rearing the girl

–      Bigay-suso – a form of payment given to girls wet nurse for feeding the bride during her infancy wit milk of her own breast

–      Himaraw – another sum of money given to girl’s parents as reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy

•       Government:

–      Barangay (Balangay) composed of 100 families

–      Ruler of Barangay was called Datu/ hari or Raja (Executive, Legislative and Judicial Powers vested)

–      Usually obtained his position by inheritance

•       Laws:

–      Oral Laws were the customs (Ugali)

–      Umalahokan – announcer of the government to the people

–      Burial and Mourning Customs

–      Morotal – Woman

–      Maglahi – Man

–      Laraw – Chieftain

Religion:

-          Bathala- the supreme God of Ancient Filipinos

-          Idiyanale- God of Agriculture

-          Apolaki/Madarangan- God of War

-          Sidapa- God of the Dead

-          Siginarugan/ Agni- God of Fire

-          Lalahon- Goddess of Harvest

-          Ridul- God of Thunder

-          Dal’lang- Goddess of Beauty

-          Anito- the spirits of their descendants

-          Mag-anito- the sacrificial

-          Katalonan o Babaylan- the leader of sacrificial ceremony

-          Balangaw/Barangao – god of rainbow

-          Diyan Masalanta – God of love

-          Sisiburanin – goddess of underworld

•       Superstitions:

–      Asuang, Mangkukulam, Tianak, Tikbalang, Anting-anting, Gayuma

•       Languages:

–      Malayo-Polynesian Languages

•       Writing:

–      Use a sharp pointed iron instrument called Sipol as pen

–      They wrote on banana leaves, tree-barks and bamboo tubes

•       Literature:

–      Sabi – Maxims

–      Bugtong – Riddles

–      Talindaw – Boat Song

–      Tagumpay – Victory Song

–      Uyayi – Hele

–      Ihiman – Wedding song

–      Kumintang – War song

–      Pangalay – Sayaw ng dalawang ikinasal

–      Kinnotan – Ant dance

–      Dadansoy – Courtship (Visayas)

Epics:

–      Hudhud & Alim – Ifugao

–      Biag ni Lam-ag – Ilocano

–      Handiong – Bicolano

–      Bantugan, Indrapatra & Sulayman , Bidasari, Parang Sabil – Muslims

•       Education:

–      Bothoan – the name of the school in Panay Island

–      Taught in Sanskrit Language, reading, writing, arithmetic, use of weapons and bolos (art of acquiring amulets and talismans)

–      Banakal- stalk of the tree to be use in writing

–      Agurang- the elders of the society who will teach the young

•       Sciences:

–      Used mathematical operations in their business transactions

•       Weights and Measures

•       Calendars

–      12 months a year with 30 days each month

•       Coinage

•       Domestic and Foreign Trade

–      China, Japan, Siam, Malacca, India, Sumatra, Java and Borneo

•       Agriculture and Industries

–      Kaingin Method

–      Wooden Plows

–      Recognized the system of public and private ownership of lands

Indian, Chinese and Arabian Heritage (Pre-Colonial)

•       Early Relations with India  as early as 900 AD

•       Hindus gave us such industries as:

–      Mining quicklime in Masbate

–      Waving cotton cloth

–      making lotus designs

–      making guitars

–      making sampaguita flower leis

–      raising fruits (Mango, Langka and sirisa) and

–      vegetables (ampalaya, patola, and malunggay)

In writing- our ancient alphabet came from their Sanskrit writing

•       In Language: The Tagalog language has 375 Sanskrit words, some examples are:

•       Ama

•       Asawa

•       Halaga

•       Maharlika

•       Nanay

•       Mutya

•       Paa

•       Raha

•       sandata

Sarong (Skirt) and the putong of the ancient Filipinos were Indian origin.

•       Superstitious beliefs

•       Customs

–      Hanging a garland around the neck of visitor

–      Giving dowry by the groom to the bride’s parents

–      Showering the groom and bride with rice after the wedding ceremony

–      Offering buyo to a visitor as a sign of hospitality

–      Pilgrimage by a childless couple to a holy shrine

Early Relations with China as early as 982 AD – Filipinos from Mindoro sailed to Canton, China in an Arab Ship

–      They did business around Lingayen Gulf, Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu

•       We learned from Chinese how to make:

–      Gunpowder

–      To mine a gold

–      To work with metal

–       and to make kites

•       In costumes:

–      Gave us early Filipino jackets and loose trousers, slippers, wooden shoes (bakya) fans and umbrellas.

–      The use of white clothes for mourning the dead

•       Social Customs:

–      Respect for elders

–      Arranged Marriages

–      And Worship of dead ancestors

–      The use of firecrackers at New Year

–      Tong (fees)

–      Gambling (Jueteng, cards and mah-jong)

•       In Language: about 1500 words in Tagalog vocabulary came from Chinese examples:

–      Ate, Bakya, Bantay, Buwisit, Gunting, Kuya, Pinto, susi

Early Relations with Arabia (1380)

•       1380- first Arab visitor Mukdum came to Sulu from Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

•       He spread Islam, the Muslin Religion and built the first Mosque at Simunul, Sulu

•       1450- Abu Bakr went to Jolo and married the princess of Jolo and founded the Sultanate of Sulu

•       1475- Shariff Kabunsuan landed in Cotabato and conquered that Valley and built the Sultanate of Maguindanao

•       Sultanate Government

–      Headed by a Sultan (King)

–      Raja (heir)

–      Dayang (Princess)

–      Kali (Judge)

–      Composed of 10-12 barangay/nayon

•       Panglima- assistant of the Sultan

•       Lakamana- personal sacrificial of Sultan

•       Bintala- administrator of all Pandita (priest of each purok).

•       Nakib- the commander of the armed forces

•       Makabili- services in the market

•       Maharajah- Purok leader

•       Quran – holy book of Islam

5 Pillars of Islam

•       Shahada- Allah is the only God and Mohammad is the Phrophet

•       Salat- prayer for 5 times a day

•       Zakat- alms giving

•       Saum- fasting

•       Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a life

•       Mecca- were Mohammad came from

•       Muslim Culture Influences

•       ARABESQUE Architecture in all mosque

•       SARIMANOK designs of  Maranaos

•       OKIL of Tausugs

•        Dance: SINGKIL

Pre-Colonial Society

•       Social Stratification:

–      Nobles (Chiefs & and his Family)

–      Freemen (Middle Class) Timawa

–      Dependents (Alipin)

•       2 Kinds of Alipin/ Slaves

–      Aliping Namamahay

–      Aliping Saguiguilid

•       Visayan Dependents

–      Tumataban – work for his master if requested

–      Tumarampok – one day a week

–      Ayuey – 3 days a week

•       One could go up the social ladder or lose his social status depending on certain circumstances

•       System of Writing

–      Baybayin or syllabary

•       Laws

–      Code of Kalantiyaw – one of the first known written laws, formulated allegedly by Datu Kalantiyaw in 1453, he was the third chief of Panay and a descendant of Datu Sumakwel

–      Maragtas Code – is also considered among the oldest written laws. Major crimes as rape, incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, heretical acts, and larceny were punish by death or heavy fine

–      Trial by Ordeal - was used to determine the guilt of a person

•       Trade Partners

–      Blood compact called sanduguan was concluded between the contracting parties to seal a treaty of friendship and alliance

–      Orang Dampuans or Men from Champa in Southern Annam – established trading post in Sulu and since then, trade between Sulu and Southern Annam flourished

–      Men of Banjars – Made Sulu became one of the chief trading centers in the region

–      Sri Vijaya – founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, powerful empire arose in the city of Palembang located in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mahayana Tantric Buddhist Kingdom and the greatest maritime empire in Southeast-asia. Made Sulu one of the flourishing trade centers

–      Madjapahit Empire – greatest Javanese empire. Founded by Raden Wijaya (reigned 1293-1309). Under Hayam Wuruk the empire reached its zenith, claiming sovereignty over Indonesia (now). It was a Hindu or Indian in culture.

Factors triggered the Age of Exploration

•       Rise to Power of the Islamic Empire

–      Muslims took control the major trade routes from the famous Silk (Central Asia)

–      Indian Ocean and the Moluccas – Muslims gained the monopoly of all Asian products

–      Only Venetian Merchants are allowed to use the Indian Ocean route

•       Renaissance Period

–      A revival of learning and renewed interest in wordly matters/Religious Matters (1400-1600)

–      New ideas are introduced that change almost entirely all of European society

–      Belief that the world is flat

–      Technological progress began

–      The Medieval Travelers

–      Marco Polo from Venice Italy – the most famous European visitor to the Mongol court in China.

•       The Crusades

–      A military expedition to recover Jerusalem and other places of pilgrimage in Palestine

•       Propagation of Catholic Faith

–      Portugal Spain, France, England, and Holland accompanied by merchants and missionaries

•       Pioneers of European Explorations

–      Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator, 1488- Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope, 1497-Vasco da Gama in Calicut India, Alfonso de Albuquerque

–      Spain: Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) form Genoa Italy

Rivalry in Territorial Claims

–      Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Inter Caetera/ Treaty of Zaragosa on May 4, 1493

–      it sought to divide the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal by drawing a imaginary demarcation line in the Atlantic at 100 leagues west of Azores and the Cape Verde Islands

–      Non Christian ands lying east of demarcation line belonged to Portugal

–      While those in the west to Spain

–      Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): where the demarcation line in the Atlantic was moved farther to the west

–      It was these two treaties that provided a legal basis for Spain to send expeditions to the east by the westward route and pave way for sending the Magellan expedition

–      Pope Julius II issued another treaty that provided for another line of demarcation and made Brazil a Portuguese possession

Spanish Exploration

•       God, Gold, Glory

•       Ferdinand Magellan (nationality: Portuguese, naturalized Citizen of Spain)

•       September  20, 1519 left San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain

•       With 5 Ships:

–      Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan

–      Concepcion – Gaspar de Quesada

–      Victoria – Luis Mendoza

–      Santiago – Juan Serrano

–      San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena

·         King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain financed the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan

–      Antonio Pigafietta  - the chronicle of Magellan’s Expedition

–      March 16, 1521 – reach Samar  and Homonhon Island then to Limasawa and met  Raja Kolambu

–      1^st  Blood Compact (Magellan-Kolambu)

–      1^st Mass with Father Pedro de Valderrama

•       Named Philippines as Archipelago of St. Lazarus

•       They proceed to Cebu with Raja Humabon (1^st Baptized as Carlos and his wife Juana) – Magellan gave the beautiful image of Child Jesus

•       After Cebu they proceed to Mactan – Raja Lapu-lapu

•       Magellan died in the battle with Rajah Ci Lapu-lapu

•       Juan Serrano took over the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan

•       Later Sebastian El Cano took the leadership and bring Victoria back to Spain

•       Victoria only return to Spain with Sebastian Del Cano

•       Trinidad trapped at Moluccas Island of Portugal

Results of Magellan’s Voyage

•       It was the first voyage around the world by sea

•       It proved that the earth is not flat

•       It added to the knowledge about geography

•       It  made Spain interesting in colonizing the Philippines

Next Expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan

•       Juan Garcia Joffre de Loaysa (1525) reached Surigao Bay. Its leaders died along way

•       Sebastian Cabot (1526) – reached only as far as South America.

•       Alvaro de Saavedra (1542) – reached Mindanao and attempted to go to Cebu. Failed to find the survivors of Loaysa Expedition. Leader died on its way back to Spain

•       Ruy Lopez de Villalobos- reached Mindanao and the coast of Tandaya.He named Philippines as Las Islas Felipinas

•       Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565)
- Voyaged through Viceroy Luis de Velasco of New Spain (Mexico)

–      Reached Homonhon Island and Limasawa and met Datu Banka

–      Blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol

–      He proceed to Cebu with Raja Tupas

–      He named it the Most Holy Name of Jesus / Villa de San Miguel

–      Due to food shortage he proceeded to Panay Islands and to Manila

–      Juan de Salcedo – expedition to the North (Ilocos)

–      Marti de Goiti – conquered Manila defended by Raja Sulayman at the Battle of Bankusay

–      Manila declared as the Capital of Spanish Philippines

–      The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City

 Spanish Philippines – Government

•       2 Branches of Government

–      Executive and Judicial

•       Headed by the Governor-General

–      is the official representative of King of Spain to the Philippines

–      He has the power to Execute, Legislate laws and Judge (Judiciary)

–      He execute all laws and royal decrees issued by King

–      Can appoint, remove officials except those appointed by the King

–      He can appoint a friar curate

–      Can resolve the issues between the government authority and religion

–      Cumplase- the power of Governor General to approved or not to apply a certain decree issued by the King of Spain

–      Can be the President of Royal Audiencia

–      There is no Legislative Branch in the Philippines

–      All laws came from Spain like Leyes de India, Siete Partidas, Leyes de Toro at La Novisima Recopilacion.

Mexican Viceroy & Council of Indies

•       Mexican Viceroy

–      Until 1821, the Philippines really was really by the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico in the name of the King

–      This was because the Philippines was colonized from Mexico, the Spanish Colony in Americas

•       Council of Indies

–      Was mandated by the king to appoint the head of colonial government

Royal Audiencia (1583)

•       First president – Governor General Santiago de Vera.

•       Oidores- chief ministers

Duties:

•       1. Judicial – tried the cases from the lower courts

•       2. Executive – can be able to be the Governor General if there is vacancy in the seat of Governor General

•       3. Legislative- can make laws which under the agreement with the Governor General

•       Will audit the over-all spending of the Government

Residencia and Visitador

•       Residencia

–      was an investigation of an official conducted at the end of his term

–      Officials found guilty of public misconduct were penalized either with imposition of heavy fines, sequestration of property, imprisonment or dismissal form office

•       Visitador/ Visita

–      Was conducted without any previous notice

–      Very rarely done, the visitador general was sent to the colony with the power to investigate the governor and other high officials

.

Local Government

•       Provincial Level

ü  Alcaldias (Province) headed by Alcalde Mayor

–      Alcale Mayor - Salary of Php 300.00/ month

–      Unpacified area

–      Corregimientos headed by Corregidores (Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay)

–      Duties:

–      They represented the Spanish king and the Governor-General

–      They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government Implemented laws and

–      supervised the collection of taxes

–      Though they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as the

–      Indulto de Comercio or the right to participate in the galleon trade.

•       Reduccion - One of the major processes of pacification through conversion. It was the system of gathering the converts into a cabecera.

ü  Towns / Municipalities

–      Pueblos (Municipalities)  headed by Gobernadorcillos or Little Governor

–      MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and taxcollection.

–      Four lieutenants aided the Gobernardorcillo:

–      Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),

–      Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),

–      Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields)

–      Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)

–      They had small salaries but were exempted from paying taxes qualifications

–      Any native or Chinese meztizo 25 years old Literate in oral or written spanish Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years Ex: Emilio Aguinaldo

ü  Barrio/ Barangay

–      - Barangays headed by Cabezas de Barangay (Tax Collector for Gobernadorcillos)

–      Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio

–      Recruited men for public works

–      QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas should be literate in Spanish Have good moral character and property Cabezas who served for 25 years

–      The positions of Gobernadorcillos and Cabeza de Barangay were given to the Filipinos particularly the former Datus

ü  City

Ayuntamiento or Cabildo headed by the Alcalde

–      Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan), Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva Caceres (Camarines Sur), Ilo-ilo, Jaro, Arevalo (Ilo-ilo)

–      It became the center of trade and industry

–      The Ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO

–      Cabildo is composed of:

–      Alcalde (MAYOR)

–      Regidores (COUNCILORS)

–      Alguacil Mayor (POLICE CHIEF)

–      Escribando (SECRETARY)

Powers of the Parish Priest

–      Tax Collector

–      Preacher

–      Confessor

–      Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and deaths

–      Election Inspector

–      Law Enforcer

•       Union of Church and State

•       Archbishops became a acting Governor-General in times of vacancy

•       Archbishops – the highest leader of Church in the Philippines

•       Bishops – Second highest leader of the Church

•       Propagation of Catholic Faith: Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Recollects

Philippine Territory

•       333 years under Spain

•       Territory includes:

•       The island archipelagoes of Guam, Marianas, the Carolines and the Palaus in the South Pacific were included in Philippine territory

•       Most of Mindanao and Sulu were excluded

•       Interior mountain regions of Luzon and Visayas were also excluded

Spanish Heritage

•       Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy

•       1578- 1^st Hospital was founded in Manila – San Juan de Dios and the San Lazaro Hospital

•       Spain introduced new food plants like:

–      Corn

–      Potatoes

–      Coffee

–      Cacao

–      Cabbage

–      Sigarillas

–      Chicos

–      Guavas

–      Wheat

–      Beef

–      Mutton (from lamb)

–      Sausages

–      Ham

–      Sardines

–      Spoons, forks, table knives, napkins, crystal drinking glasses

–      Drinks: Beer, Cognac, Port, Sangria

–      Clothing: Western Coat, Americana, Saya, Camisa

Filipino Women in Spanish Time:

–      Respected and honored by men

–      They attended dances and other social events

–      Young women were kept in the home or school “colegios”

A New Calendar:

–      Western Calendar

–      Gov. General Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar on August 16, 1844 he ordered that Tuesday, December 31, 1844 would be Wednesday, January 1, 1845

Spanish Names for Filipinos:

–      Gov. General Claveria , ordered all Filipino families to choose a surname from a catalog sent to all provinces in the country – November 21, 1849 – (Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos)

Spanish Language:

–      Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc.

Western Education under Spain:

–      Elementary, Secondary and College

–      Religion is the main focused education

–      Subject were taught in Elementary: reading, writing, arithmetic, catechisms and good moral/ values

–    School for Boys:

–    Colegio de San Ignacio became the Ateneo Municipal,

–    Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) and

–    Colegio-Seminario de San Jose in Maynila (1601)

–    School for Girls:

–    Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1594)- 1^st School for Girls,

–    Beaterio de la Compana de Jesus (1694),

–    Colegio de Sta. Catalina (1696),

–    Colegio de Sta. Rosa (1750),

–    Colegio dela Concordia at Convento dela Asuncion,

–    Colegio de Sta. Isabel- oldest school for Girls in present

–    Subject were taught: Music, Cooking, Sewing, Painting, Embroidery, Doctrina Cristiana, Spanish Language, History and Mathematics

Printing, Books and Newspapers:

–      Doctrina Cristiana – first published Book in the Philippines

–      Del Superior Govierno – first newspaper (Published by Gov. Gen. Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar

Literature:

–      Urbana at Felisa by Father Modesto de Castro.

–      Poetry and Plays - Jose dela Cruz or Huseng Sisiw and Francisco Baltazar

–      Awit (Heroic Poems), Corridos (Religious-legendary poems)

–      Don Juan Tenorio, Ibong Adarna and Bernanrdo Carpio

–      Florante at Laura – Balagtas (Balagtasan)

–      El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere

–      Theatre:

–      Western Style plays performed on stage by live actors

–      Cenaculo - this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ

–      Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve.  This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.

–      Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother.  It is still presented in many Philippine towns.

–      The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem

–      Moro-moro - is presented also on a special stage.  This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.

•       Music:

–      Cariñosa, Surido, Pandanggo, Jota

•       Houses and Villages:

–      Central Plaza

–      Bahay na bato

–      Patio and Azotea

•       Arts:

–      Damian Domingo- father of Filipino Painters

–      Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion – won international fame with their paintings in National Exposition in Madrid in 1883

–      Spolarium of Juan Luna

–      Romanesque & Gothic

–      Doric, Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman, Byzantine, and Baroque

Social Classes

•       Principalia – made up of the kinship of the ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos, teachers and othr professionals and local officials

•       Masses – ordinary citizens

•       Middle Class or the Ilustado

•       Peninsulares – Pure Spnaish blood born in Spain

•       Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood boin in the Philippines

•       Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad

•       Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of Chinese, Filipino and Spnaish

•       Indios – the native Filipinos

Economic Life Under Spain

•       Encomienda:

–      was the money from the tribute upon certain conquered territory

–      It was given by the King to a Spanish conquistador as reward for his services

–      1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the Philippines

–      Due to abuses, it was  abolished in 16^th Century

•       Tribute:

–      Was the residence tax

–      Each family paid one peso per year

–      A single person paid one-half peso

–      Can be paid in Cash or in good

–      It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax

•       Sanctorium

–      A tax of three reales was collected by the government but turned over to the Church

•       Polo or Force Labor:

–      All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were forced to work for the government

–      At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced to 15 days in 1884

–      Polistas of (force laborers)

–      Build schools, roads and bridges

–      Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor  paying called Falla

•       Bandala:

–      An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino farmers who were required to sell their products to the government

•       Abolition of Slavery

•       Galleon Trade and Subsidy from Mexico

–      Manila-Acapulco Trade

–      It ended in 1815

–      Real Subsidy (real situado)

–      Php 250,000.00

•       Introduction of New Plants and Animals

–      Corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete, maguey, peanuts, chico and papaya

–      Sheep, carabaos, ducks, geese and better breeds of chickens and roosters

•       Introduction of New Industries

–      Cattle-ranching, making of candles and soap, sugar, tobacco

•       Economic Society and the Royal Company

–      Sent the first shipment of indigo (dye) to Europe

–      Imported new seeds and machinery from the United States to help farmers

–      King Charles III founded the Royal Company of the Philippines

•       Rise of Banks

–      Obras Pias (Good Works System)

–      First Bank was founded by Francisco Rodriguez

–      Oldest existing bank in the Philippines is the Bank of the Philippine Islands

•       Tobacco Monopoly

–      Founded by Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas in 1782.

–      Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque

–      It was abolished by Governor General Primo de Rivera

•       Opening of the Philippine Ports to the World

–      Opening of the other Philippine Ports: Sual, Ilo-ilo, Cebu and Zamboanga

British Colonization (1762-1764)

•       Why British came?

•       Invaded Philippines as part of the Seven Years War (Britain vs. France)

•       British invasion was planned from India by the British East India Company

•       September 22, 1762- British fleet  entered Manila Bay

•       General Draper ordered the attack of Manila

•       October 5, 1762 – Manila fell to the British invaders

•       Looting of Manila

•       During the British Colonization there were 2 British Governor lead the country (1) Dawsonne Drake and the (2) Alexander Dalrymple.

•       Spanish Governor General also exists during the British Colonization – the acting Governor General Antonio Manuel Rojo and Rebel Governor General Simon de Anda

•       Filipinos remain loyal to Spain

•       End of British Invasion:

•       Seven Years was ended

•       May 31, 1764 rebel leader Simon de Anda made their triumphant entry into Manila

Filipino Revolts

Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land possession, monopoly, religious freedom, oppression and exploitation of the foreigners

1.       Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To regain freedom from Spain lead by Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit

2.       Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective: Disillusionment with Spanish rule and Opposition of Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)

3.       Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration of Barangaic Political Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia

4.       Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To free and Independent from Spain and Force Labor (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/ Cavite

5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish Oppressive impositions, Force Labor (Andres Malong) - Pangasinan

6. Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with Spanish rule / Religious  (Leyte)

7. Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the order given by Gov. General Fajardo (Agustin Sumuroy) - Cavite

8. Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego and Gabriela Silang

9. Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, end the payment of tributes (Pangasinan)

10. Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts of the Spaniards to convert them to Christianity

11. Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against Encomenderos and government officials

12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive (Bohol)

13. Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco Dagohoy – refusal of Father Gaspar Morales friar curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian burial to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy 

14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity

15. Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the monopoly on wine (basi)

16. Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the rich landowners against the helpless farmers – Luis de los Santos and Juan Silvestre

17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious causes “Confradia de San Jose (Tayabas, Quezon)

Propaganda Movement and Katipunan

•       Causes of Nationalism

–      New idea from abroad about the freedom and the rights of men

–      Opening of Suez Canal

–      Race prejudice against Filipino priests

–      The Spanish Revolution of 1868

–      Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

•       Propaganda Movements

–      La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and 1^st Editor (1889) and purchased by Marcel H. Del Pilar

–      La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P. Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not and El Filibusterismo/ The Reign of Greed)

–      Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 at Azcarrga St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)

–      Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation

–      To fight for Philippine Independence

–      Civic. Moral and Political

•       Government:

–      Supreme Council (Central Government)

–      Provincial Council

–      Popular Council

–      Judicial Council

•       Members:

–      1^st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan

–      2^nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za

–      3^rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal

–      Literature of Katipunan:

–      Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)

–      Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)

–      Kartilla (E. Jacinto)

–      Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper of KKK

–      A la Patria (E. Jacinto)

•       Discovery of Katipunan

–      Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the plot

–      Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything

–      Visayan Nun told everything to Father Mariano Gil

Philippine Revolution

•       Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896

•       Causes of the Revolution

–      Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests

–      Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen

–      Filipinos desire to regain their freedom

–      Discovery of KKK

•       First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on Sunday August  30, 1896

•       Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in 8 provinces: Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac, Manila and Nueva Ecija

•       Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio

•       Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and Magdalos (Aguinaldo)

•       Tejeros Assembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle controversy between two factions.

–      They elect officials representing the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines

–      Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President

–      Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior Secretary

–      But Daniel Tirona protested  on Bonifacio’s elections

–      Bonifacio declared the election is null and void

•       Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to  imprison Andres Bonifacio and his brothers

•       The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio and sentenced to die

•       But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life imprisonment.

•       But he was pressured to cancel that order and to execute Bonifacio

•       May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the command of Major Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon

Biak-na-Bato Republic

–      San Miguel, Bulacan

–      Made a Constitution copied the Cuban Constitution (Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer)

–      Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno of the Philippine Government)

•       Exile of E. Aguinaldo

•       Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in three installments- Php 400,000-upon the departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000 – the surrender of arms and Php 200,000 amnesty to the rebels

•       Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian Filipinos affected by the revolution

•       No Peace after Biak-na-Bato Truce

The Coming of America

•       Why America come to the Philippines

–      The Spanish-American War

–      American Bases

–      The Policy of Manifest Destiny

–      The Filipino Invitation

•       The Battle of Manila Bay –Americans won over Spanish Navy (May 01, 1898) Lead by Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain and Admiral George Dewey of USA

•       The Return of Aguinaldo –McCullough Dewey’s dispatch ship and arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to fight together the Spaniards

•       Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo lasted from May 24, 1898.

•       Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 ay Kawit, Cavite

•       Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the Philippine Independence

•       The Philippine Flag also displayed and the Philippine National Anthem was played

Second Revolutionary Government – declared as Aguinaldo’s adviser Apolinario Mabini advised Pres. Aguinaldo – June 23, 1898

–      Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the creation of Congress to draft the Philippine Constitution

–      Reorganization of the Government in Provinces

Surrender of Spain

•       Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley Meritt agreed for a Mock Battle and Spain paid by USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898

Women of the Revolution

–      Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother of Katipunan

–      Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite

–      Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa Cruz, Laguna

–      Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas

–      Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato

–      Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay

–      Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo

–      Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine National Flag

•       Periodicals of Revolution

–      El Heraldo dela Revolution

–      Indice Official /  Gaceta DE Filipinas

–      La Independencia – Antonio Luna

–      La Republica Filipina – Pedro Paterno

–      La Libertad – Jose Zulueta

–      Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan

–      El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña

–      El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto

•       Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines

•       Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1^st Governor General of the Philippines

•       Guido de Lavesares – 2^nd Governor General of the Philippines

•       Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1^st Archbishop- Gov. General

•       Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1^st Royal Audiencia – Gov. General

•       Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General during the British Colonization

•       Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Filipinos

•       Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly

•       Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales – birth of Jose P. Rizal

•       Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the Liberalism in the Philippines

•       Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biak-na-Bato Pact

•       Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere open minded

•       Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of Jose P. Rizal

•       Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8 Provinces

•       Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death sentence of Rizal

•       Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General

The First Philippine Republic and Filipino-American War

•       Malolos Congress

–      September 15, 1898

–      President of Malolos Congress Pedro Paterno

–      Malolos Constitution by Felipe G. Calderon

–      Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898

•       First Philippine Republic

–      January 23, 1899 inauguration of the First Philippine Republic

–      Emilio Aguinaldo as First Philippine Government

•       Filipino American War

–      Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a Filipino Soldier at San Juan Bridge

–      First American War on Asian soil

–      By winning this was, the US became a world power

–      February 05, 1899- American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila

–      Filipinos lost ground to the superior forces of US- retreated to provinces

–      March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by Americans, Aguinaldo fled to Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and to Northern Luzon

–      In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the Republic of Negros – American Government toppled it

–      In Battle of San Mateo Rizal: December 19, 1899 – General Henry C. Lawton killed by Filipino troops (General Licerio Geronimo)

–      Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a guerilla warfare, Filipino forces were divided into small groups

–      Capture of Aguinaldo: Palanan, Isabela  by General Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901 and Aguinaldo was taken to Manila and took his oath of allegiance to the US on April 16, 1902

–      Miguel Malvar fought on Batangas until April 16, 1902

–      Macario Sakay – try to establish Republic of Southern Tagalog

–      Simeon Ola of Albay Province gave up on September 25, 1903

Filipino General of the War

•       Antonio Luna – Luzon

•       Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon ans Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon

•       Miguel Malvar in Batangas

•       Juan Cailles in Laguna

•       Mariano Trias in Cavite

•       Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon

•       Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol

•       Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Ilo-ilo

•       Vicente Lucban in Samar

•       Simeon Ola in Albay

•       Gregorio del Pilar  - Tirad Pass

Emilio Famy Aguinaldo

Contributions and Achievements

–      first president

–      youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28

–      longest-lived president – he died when he was 94

–      one of the active leaders of KKK

–      signed the Pact of Biak na Bato

–      known as the President of the Revolutionary Government

–      he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence

Philippines as an American Colony

•       Philippine Territory in American Times:

–      The island archipelagos of  Marianas, Carolines and Palaus in the South Pacific no longer part of the Philippines

–      Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)

–      Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included

•       American Policies:

–      The Americans said they would ho as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their own as a free nation

–      Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers

–      Filipinos adopted  American ways very well (Brown Americans)

American Colonial Government:

–  Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901)

–  Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur

–  Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)

–  The Philippine Commissions

–  Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob Schurman)

–  Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard Taft – organized the Civil Government in the Philippines

–  Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines

•       American Governor-General: (1901-1935)

–      July 04, 1901 the civil government was inaugurated and William Howard Taft became the first American Governor-General and Frank Murphy the last

•       The Americans shared power with the Filipinos unlike Spanish

•       The Americans train our people in democracy and self-rule

•       At first Filipinos are only appointed to local government as the war ended Filipinos can participate and were elected in free elections

•       1901- Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

•       1903- Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet Secretary

•       Philippine Bill of 1902 or Cooper Law on July 01, 1902 – was passed to create the Philippine Assembly

•       Philippine Assembly:

–      July 30, 1907 the first free national elections were held

–      Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in Manila Grand Opera House on October 16, 1907 and Sergio Osmeña was elected as Speaker

–      First all-Filipino lawmaking body during the American era

–      Helped the Philippine Commission making laws for the colony

–      Philippine Commission acted like the upper house and assembly acted as lower house

•       Philippine Legislature:

–      Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1616

–      2 Houses; the House of Representative and Senate

–      Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President

–      Sergio Osmeña elected as House Speaker

Significant Laws acted under America

•       Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of Sulu and its dependences is acknowledge

•       Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines

•       Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the Philippines and Us (October 13, 1913)

•       Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town known to have thieves/ outlaws

•       Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or separation from US  would be punished severely by death or imprisonment

•       Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao

•       Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)

•       Municipal Code Act

–      Municipal President

–      Vice President

–      Council

–      Qualified voters – were males, 23 years old

•       Provincial Code Act

–      Governor

–      Treasurer

–      Supervisor

•       Civil Service Act

–      To enter in government it must be take the examinations

–      Introduction of merit system

Economic Progress under America

•       New Land Policy

–      Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers

–      Taft colonial administration bought these friar lands and resold to the Filipino farmers

–      Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land

–      All lands had to be registered and their owners got Torrens titles

•       Agricultural Increase

–      1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became the first government agency in the new American Colony

–      1903 the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to support rice and carabaos from other Asian countries

–      Modern farm tools from US were introduced

•       Free Trade with America

–      Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans

–      American products, cars, radios, appliances, cigarrettes, etc were bought by the Filipinos

•       New Industries

–      Manila and other cities and towns sprang up hundreds of factories to make coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar rope and textiles

–      Mining and fishing became big industries

–      Household cottage industries also boomed

–      Developed the coconut and hemp industries

–      Tobacco were also developed

•       Improvement of Transportation and Communications

–      Automobile, electric street car, airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and movie were introduced

–      American developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and Panay

–      Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia

–      Manila became the center of air travel in Asia

–      The Kennon Road opened Baguio and the Mountain Province to travel

•       New Banks

–      1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened

–      Philippine National Bank established in 1906

•       Economic Problems

–      We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods from America

–      Colonial Mentality became worse

–      Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s

–      The world depression hit the poor masses worst of all

–      American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies

Significant American Administrators

–      Wesley Merritt – 1^st American Military Governor

–      Arthur MacArthur – last American Military Governor

–      William Howard Taft – 1^st American Civil Governor

–      Frank Murphy – Last American Civil Governor/ 1^ST High Commissioner

–      Paul V. McNutt  - last High Commissioner

Our American Heritage

•       Religious Freedom

–      Filipinos became free to choose their own religion

–      American Influences: Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.

–      Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay – Philippine Independent Church (Alipayananism)

–      Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)

•       Free Education

–      All children could study in schools

–      The brightest children from poor families could go as far as university

–      First American Teachers are soldiers

–      1901, the first batch of professional teachers came from the US onboard the US Army Ship Thomas - Thomasites

•       Better Health

–      Filipinos enjoyed better health and hygiene

–      Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the use of the flush toilet

•       English Language

–      Filipinos learned the English Language

–      English became the official language of the government and business

–      Filipinos adopted the names like John, Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark

–      New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P. Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for Journalism 1942

•       Free Press

–      1930’s the Philippines had fastest press in Asia

–      Filipino journalists championed independence and reported freely about the government

–      Manuel L. Quezon founded The Philippine Herald (1920)

–      Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”

–      Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu (1900)

–      Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El Renacimiento

–      Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia

•       Diet and Dress

–      Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, pan americano, tomato catsup, mayonnaise, beefsteak, apple pie, ice cream and chewing gum

–      Men worn trousers with belt and suspenders, polo shirts and tennis shoes

–      Women dressed in fancy hats, shirt and blouse, high heeled shoes, silk stockings and make-up

•       Democratic Family and Social Classes

–      Old customs of addressing elders with “po”, “opo”, “ate”, “kuya” or kissing the hands of parents and elders (mano po) – were  gone

–      Uses “hi” in greetings

–      Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4^th of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, and Valentines Day

–      Women’s Rights

–      Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)

–      They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed schools and date without chaperones

–      First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas in 1937

•       Recreations

–      Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker, bowling, tennis and badminton

•       Movies and Entertainment

–      First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at Tondo, Manila

–      Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903

–      First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by Edward Meyer Gross

–      Zarzuela and Mor-moro replaced by Vodavil/ vaudeville

•       Music and Dance

–      American Jazz

–      Boogie-woogie

–      Fox trot

•       Houses

–      Small apartments

–      New bungalows, chalets, two story concrete houses and earthquake proof building were built

•       Arts

–      Guillermo Tolentino

•       Freedom Theater and Literature

–      Tagalog zarzuelas became popular like Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad and Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino

–      “Bayan ko” also popular

–      Amado V. Hernandez

–      Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat (1935)

The Commonwealth of the Philippines

•       Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party

–      There were peasant revolt in Nueva Ecija, Ili-ilo, Negro Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna and Bulacan

–      Sakdalista lead by Benigno Ramos – May 02, 1935

–      All revolt failed

–      The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was founded in Manila by Crisanto Evangelista on August 26, 1930

•       Political Campaign for Independence

–      Jones Law (1916) granted independence as soon as a stable government be establish therein

–      With 3 branches of Government, Bill of Rights and Council of State (Wilson Admin)

–      1932 American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (HHC)

–      It was the first Philippine Independence Law passed by the United States (thru the initiative of Os-Rox Mission)

–      It was now approved by the Philippine Legislature

–      It was rejected by Philippine Legislature on October 17, 1933

–      Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by  FD Roosevelt with revision from Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law

–      Retention naval reservation and fueling stations

–      Drafting a new constitution

•       The 1935 Philippine Constitution

–      July 10, 1934 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention

–      Claro M. Recto as the President of the Convention

–      February 8, 1935 the new constitution was approved by the majority of the delegates

–      March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt signed the Philippine Constitution

–      May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the constitution

•       The Commonwealth of the Philippines

–      A semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos under American Colony

–      September 17, 1935 first national election under Commonwealth Government

–      Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay run for the presidency

–      Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña elected as President and Vice-President respectively

Manuel Luis Molina Quezon

•       Contributions and Achievements

–      first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

–      first president elected through a national election

–      first president under the Commonwealth

–      he created National Council of Education

–      he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth

–      he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines

–      he appears on the twenty-peso bill

–      a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him

–      his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.

•       Contributions and Achievements

–      he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to hold office

–      he was the first Visayan to become president

–      he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II

–      during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund

–      on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress

–      Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill

–       United Nations Charter President Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo, to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation of the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June 1945.

Second World War and Japanese Occupation

•       Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US, Britain, China, France and Union Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)

•       It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops attacked on September 1, 1939

•       December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United States

•       Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies

•       They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air Field

•       Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed

•       Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in Bicol, Davao City in Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon

•       General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), could not stop the Japanese invasion

The Commonwealth in Exile

–      President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the United States

–      President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by submarine on February 20, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the Commonwealth Government went in Exile at Washington, DC

–      President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded by Vice President Osmeña

•       I Shall Return

–      General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt

–      But when he landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I shall return”

•       The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

–      Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen. Eduard P. King

–      Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by Gen. Jonathan Wainwright

–      Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942 headed by Gen. William Sharp

•       Death March

–      One of the cruelest atrocities by the Japanese

–      Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000 American troops were forced to March from 7 to 11 days without food, water or medicine

–      They marched 120 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in Capas, Tarlac

Japanese Military Occupation

–      January 2, 1942 to July 5, 1945

–      January 3, 1942- the Japanese Military Administration was set up in Manila

–      Head by General Yoshihida Hayashi and General Takazi Wachi

–      Japanese declared Martial Law

–      Imposed curfew black-outs, rationing and censorship

–      They punished Filipinos for any hostile acts against Japanese soldiers

–      One Japanese is equivalent to 10 Filipinos

–      They banned the shortwave radio so we could not hear news from abroad

–      They circulated money with Japanese script

–      They called this as “Mickey Mouse Money”