Sociology, Anthropology & Family Planning: LET Reviewer

Sociology, Anthropology & Family Planning

Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) Handout Reviewer

Prepared and Compiled by: Mr. Rhey Mark H. Diaz, T1

BSEd Social Studies, Lic. No. 1334242 Exp. June 2020

Sociology - is the science that studies society and human behavior.

•       Foundations of Sociology:

–      Human behavior follows a pattern or order similar to the patterning of natural phenomena

–      Man is a Social Creature

–      Industrial Revolution – people were moving to cities in search for work

•       It involves;

–      Political Science

–      Economics

–      Anthropology

–      Psychology

–      History

•       Sociologists want to understand:
(a) what goes on in and between groups of people
(b) what are the social differences we observe;
(c) what is happening in social institutions;
(d) why and how social change is occurring.

•       Concepts and Propositions

–      Concept - is a category of behavior, events or characteristics that are considered similar for the sake of theory construction.

–      Proposition - is a statement that explains one concept by means of another. If we seek to discover why racial groups sometimes live in harmony and sometimes so not, we may use the concept of racial harmony to describe the differing ways of relating.

–      Behavior - is defined as indicating harmony exists. We would then state our theory in propositions for example different racial groups will live in harmony in situations where enough work exists for all groups to earn a decent living.

•       Basic concepts of Structural - functionalism, the Conflict approach and Symbolic Interactionism?

–      Structural-functionalism - assumes that order is dominant in society and that social arrangements arise and persist because they serve society and its members well.

–      The conflict approach - assumes the dominant process in society is conflict and that society divides into two groups the masses and small elite who exploit them.

–      The symbolic - interaction perspective - assumes that the important action in society takes place around the use of symbols that channel our thoughts and thereby define what is socially comprehensible and incomprehensible. Practitioners of this approach often focus on interaction among individuals in contrast to the other perspective which tend to look more at social institutions.

Pioneers in the Study of Sociology

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) –

•       proposed the Philosophical position of Positivism, which states that knowledge can be derived only from sensory experience, and intuitive insights and he coined the term “Sociology”

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) –

•       Examines religion, politics, child rearing and immigration in United States. She spokes the rights of women, the freedom of the slaves and religious tolerance

Karl Marx (1818-1883) –

•       Conflict Theory

•       Believed that inequality between classes causes conflict between groups of people and that society must change in order to fulfill the needs of all the people

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

•       Proposed that there is the parallelism between how society evolves in the same manner as animals species do

•       Develop the idea that society was an organic whole that could be studied much like the human body- the beginnings of structural-functionalism

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) –

•       Suicides among Protestants and Catholics

Max Weber ( 1864-1920) –

•       Religion that encourage social change

Albion Small

•       founder of the department of sociology at the University of Chicago

Talcott Parsons

•       Demonstrated with models how the parts of society harmoniously work together

•       extended Durkheim's tradition into the 20th century developing the idea that society could be viewed as a system that must adapt to changes in its environment, pursue its goals, integrate itself with other systems and maintain order within itself much like a biological organism.

Robert K. Merton

•                                 Stressed that sociologist need to develop middle range theories as explanations of human behavior that go beyond the particular observation or research but avoid sweeping generalizations

C Wright Mills - effectively promoted a general conflict perspective in the US focusing on social class differences and introducing the concept of power elite, a tiny minority of government, military and business figures believed to control the US.

–      Randal Collins - is one of the most articulate voices today from that perspective and he developed a formal theory of conflict applicable to all levels o society, especially analyzing the inequalities in the American educational system.

–      Kingsley Davis - is a major contemporary proponent of this structural-functionalism perspective and he analyses wealth and poverty from this viewpoint.

–      W.I.Thomas - extended Mead's ideas, theorizing that people define or construct their own social reality and that their definitions become real because they are real in their consequences.

–      Erving Goffman - has served as a major contemporary spokesperson for the symbolic interaction perspective and he describes how people present themselves in everyday life in order to manage the impression they give to others.

•       The scientific method involves eight basic steps:
a) Observation of an event that stimulates thinking.
b) Defining or classifying the terms or events being considered.
c) Formulating the research issue or hypothesis.
d) Generating a theory or proposition - a general statement that serves as a potential answer to the research question.
e) Creating a research design in order to test whether the theory or proposition is valid.
f) Collecting data-working through the research design to make observations.
g) Analyzing the data
h) Making conclusions and evaluating the theory.

Anthropology

•       Anthropos – man

•       Logos – study of

–      The Study of Man

–      Concerns explicitly and directly with all varieties of people throughout the world and it traces human evolution and cultural development from millions of years ago to present (Ember, 1993).

•       Branches of Anthropology

–        Sociological Anthropology – deals with material remains of human activities

–  Linguistic Anthropology – studies the history, foundation, structure and physiology of language

–  Applied Anthropology – direct application of anthropological ideas to current problems

–  Forensic Anthropology – used in the identification of crime victims and other information vital to criminal justice system

–  Physical Anthropology – explains the difference of human color in more complex manner such as culture, way of life and environment and genetic consideration

–  Cultural Anthropology - deals with the study of culture consists’ of three areas as follows:

•     Linguistics- focuses on historical and descriptive or structural linguistics. It looks into the emergence of language and variations of language over time.

•     Archaeology-d eals with cultural history

•     Ethnology - studies cultural variation

•       Schools of Thought in Cultural Anthropology

–  Early Evolutionism (Edward B. Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan) - states that most societies were believed to pass through the same series of stages, to arrive ultimately at a common end

–  Historical Particularism - Franz Boas. the proponent, believed that it was premature to formulate universal law since there is a need to study the context of society in which they appeared.

–  Diffusionism (British, German and Austrian Anthropologists) spread the idea that most aspects of civilization had emerged in culture centers and later diffused outward.

–  Functionalism (Bronislaw Malinowski). It holds that all culture traits serve the needs of individuals in a society; the function of culture traits is the ability to satisfy some basic or derived need.

–  Structural-functionalist approach (Arthur Reginald Radcliffe-Brown) assumes that the various aspects of social behavior maintain a society's social structure- its total network of social relationships - rather than satisfying individual needs. It works in the following assumption: stability, harmony, equilibrium and evolution.

–  Psychological Approaches (Edward Sapir, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead) seek to understand how psychological factors and processes may help us explain cultural practices.

–  Later Evolutionism (Leslie White) states that culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work increased.                        

–  Structuralism- Claude Levi-Strauss sees culture as it is expressed in art, ritual, and the patterns of daily life, as a surface representation of the underlying patterns of the human mind.

–  Ethno science (ethnography) explains culture from the way people used to describe their activities.

–  Cultural Ecology seeks to understand the relationship between culture and social environments

–  Political economy centers on the impact of external political and economic processes, particularly as connected to colonialism and imperialism, on local events and cultures in the underdeveloped countries.

–  Sociobiology involves the application of biological evolutionary principles to the social behavior of animals, including humans.

–  Interpretive approaches consider cultures as texts to be analyzed for their meanings.

–  Feminist Anthropology includes women's issues in the study of culture and society.

–  Conflict Theory- advocates of this theory ask this question: "Who controls the scarce resources of a given society"? It assumes that society can be explained based on the following assumptions: economic determinism, dialectism and social action.

•       Theory of Evolution

–      The Theory of Acquired Characteristics of Species by Jean Baptiste de Lamarch

–      The Theory of Catastrophism

–      Darwinian Theory of Evolution

The Genus Homo

–      Homo Habilis – the handy man

–      Homo Erectus – the erect man

•       Java Man – Trinil, Java, Indonesia by Eugene Dubois 700-500,000 years old

•       Peking Man - Zhoukoudian, China

•       Republic of Georgia – 900,000 Year’s old

•       Olduvai George by Louis Leakey in 1960 – 1.25 years old

•       East Turkana Lake Man

•       Neanderthals

–      Homo Sapiens – the thinking/wise man

Five Epoch in Tertiary Period

–  Paleocene – early recent lasted around 65 million years ago, marked by the demise of dinosaurs as well as existence of pre-primates like the femur in Madagascar, Africa and Indonesia

–  Eocene – lasted 30 – 45 million years ago, it is marked by warm tropical climates along with the appearance of the order of mammals and prosimian-like primates

–  Oligocene – lasted 30 million years ago, major changes occurred like the appearance of elephants with trunks and early horse

–  Miocene – lasted around 23 million years ago, its landscape is marked the development of two major ecosystems, kelp forest and grasslands

–  Pliocene – lasted 5 million years ago, characterized by the cooling and drying of the global environment, life forms include those australopeticus existed

Periods that were named after the technology or cultural materials used during that certain time

–      Stone Age

•       Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)

•       Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)

•       Neolithic (New Stone Age)

–      Bronze Age

–      Iron Age

Classification of Human Races

–      Mongoloid – East and Southeast Asia

–      Caucasoid – Western Asia, Europe and Americas

–      Negroid – Africa, and Oceania

–      Malays – Southeast Asia and Oceania

Theoretical Perspectives

•       Symbolic Interactionism – society viewed as composed of symbols that  people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world and communicate with one another (Mead- language allows us to become self-conscious beings)

•       Functional Analysis / Functionalism – society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function with contributes to society's equilibrium (Parsons and Merton – development of sociological theory and research)

•       Conflict Theory – society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce  resources (Karl Marx)

•       Feminist – examine gender as a central organizing factor in the social world, recognizing that virtually all aspects of our social lives are gendered

Culture

•       The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a members of society (E. Taylor)

Forms of Culture (Aspects of Culture)

–      Material Culture – refers to the physical or technological aspects our human life

–      Non-Material Culture – refers to the group ways of thinking

•       Symbol – is something to which people attach meaning and which they use to communicate

–  Language – consists of system of symbols that can be put together in an infinite number of ways in order to communicate abstract thought

•   Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis – states that thinking and perception not only are expressed by language but actually are shaped by language

–  Gestures – which people use their bodies as shorthand means of communicating with one another

–  Values – the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable good or bad, beautiful or ugly

–  Norms – the expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values

•   Positive Sanctions – refers to an expression of approval given for the following a norm

•   Negative Sanction – denotes disapproval for breaking a norm

•   Classifications of Norms

–  Mores – norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values

–  Folkways – norms that are not strictly enforced

Growth and Spread of Culture

–      Innovation – is the process of introducing and idea or object that is new to culture

•       Discovery – involves making known or sharing the existence of reality, it also refer to the recognition of phenomena or relationships that previously had nit been perceived

•       Invention – results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before

–      Diffusion – occur through a variety of means, refers to the process by which a cultural item is spread from a group to group or society to society

Characteristics of Culture

–      Culture is learned

–      Culture is shared

–      Culture is cumulative

–      Culture is dynamic

–      Culture is diverse

How do the functional, ecological, evolutionary, conflict and symbolic interactionist approaches explain cultural variation?

•       Functional approach - suggests that a functional cultural trait has a positive consequence for the society and will probably not be adopted unless it fits well with the existing culture and contributes to the well-being of the society.

•       Ecological approach - shows how societies adapt culture to their physical environment in order to survive thus making it a sub form of the functional approach.

•       Evolutionary approach - views culture as developing through a series of stages toward forms that are increasingly well suited to the environment based on changes in the culture's basic tools or technology.

•       Conflict approach - points out that prevailing definition of beauty, justice and truth may serve the elites at the expense of the masses with culture being created and imposed on the masses by the ruling class.

•       Symbolic interactionist - approach highlights the importance of symbols in understanding culture and the social behavior it shapes, suggesting that symbols are the major agent for transmitting and shaping culture.

–      Cultural Integration – refers to the bringing together of conflicting cultural elements, resulting in a harmonious, and cohesive whole

–      Cultural Variation – refers to cultural differences

–      Aspects of Cultural Variation

–      Subcultures – are whose values and related behaviors are so distinct that they set their members off from general culture

–      Countercultures – are groups whose values set their members in opposition to the dominant culture

–      Cultural Lag – refers to a situation when one or some parts of a culture change at as faster rate than other related parts, with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium of the culture

Attitudes towards Cultural Variation

–      Ethnocentrism – the tendency to assume that one’s  culture and way of life are superior to all other cultures

–      Xenocentrism – is the belief that the products, style or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere

–      Cultural Relativism – refers to the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture

–      Culture Shock – refers to the feeling of surprise and disorientation that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own

Socialization

•       Socialization as the process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he is born (1996, A. Giddens)

•       Is the basic social process through which an individual becomes integrated into a social group by learning the group’s culture and his role in the group

•       Is a lifelong process

The Social Development if the Self, Mind and Emotions

–      Looking Glass Self (Charles H. Cooley)

•       Describe the process whereby human development is created by interaction with others

•       We imagine how we look to others/ we interpret others’ reactions and we develop a self-concept

–      George H. Mead – referred to how others think of us “the generalized other”

–      Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development

–      Sigmund Freud -  believed that personality consists of three elements (Id, Ego, and Superego)

Agents of Socialization

–      Family

–      Schools

–      Religion

–      Peer Group

–      Mass Media and Technology

–      Workplace

•       Personality – refers to what is distinctive about a person in terms of traits and values

–      As a sum of total of the observed and observable characteristics of a person (Cuber)

–      Four important determinants of personality

•       Biological Inheritance

•       Geographic Environment

•       Social Environment

•       Cultural Environment

•       Re-socialization – refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors, voluntarily or involuntarily

–      Voluntary re-socialization – is learning something contrary to prior experiences

–      Involuntary re-socialization refer to a place where people are cut off from the rest of the society and under total; control

Social Structures and Social Interactions

•       Social Structures – refers to the pattern of inter-related statuses and roles found in a society or other group at a particular time and constituting a relatively stable set of social relations

•       Elements of Social Structure

–      Status – refer to examined in terms of socially defined positions within a large group of society, from lowest to the highest position

•       Ascribed Status – status that is assigned to a person by a society without regard for the persons unique talents of characteristic

•       Achieved Status – status acquired by an individual through his efforts often through competition ad the use of special abilities, knowledge and skills.

•       Master Status – that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position within a society, it cuts across other statuses that an individual occupies

•       Status Inconsistency – a contradiction or mismatch between statuses occurs

–      Social Roles – a pattern of behavior, structured around specific rights and duties and associated with a particular status position within a group or social situation/ set of expectations

•       Counterfeit Role – a role that an individual pretends is his own, but that in reality has only been assumed as a cover to protect him from the penalties associated with his actual role

•       Internalized Role – role set observed by an individual and adopted by him as a part of his self-conception or self-image

•       Perceived Role – role expectations that a person believes others have of him in a situation

•       Prescribe Role – defined by cultural standards

•       Role Conflict – incompatibility between two or more roles that an individual is expected to perform in a given situation

•       Multiple Roles – various statuses

•       Reciprocal Role – patterns of interaction between two or more related statuses, related and inseparable

–      Groups – is any number of [people with similar norms, values and expectations who regularly and consciously interact

–      Social Institutions – is interrelated system of social roles and norms organized about the satisfaction of an important social need of function

•       Family

•       Education

•       Work

•       Economy

•       Political Institutions

•       Government

•       Religion

•       Health care

•       Mass Media

•       Sports

•       Military

•       Medicine

Changes in Social Structure

–      Emile Durkheim – used mechanical and organic solidarity to explain what hold society together

•       Mechanical Solidarity – is a collective consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the same or similar task

•       Organic Solidarity – is a collective consciousness based on the interdependence brought about by the division of labor

–      Ferdinand Tonnies – analyzed how intimate community was being replaced by impersonal associations

•       Gemeinschaft – a type of society in which life is intimate

•       Gesellschaft – a type of society dominated by the impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments and self-interest

•       Social Interaction – the basic social processes represented in communication and mutual relationship between two or more individuals (or groups)

Groups, Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations

•       Dyad

–      Group consisting of two people

•       Triad

–      Group consisting of three people.

•       Triadic segregation

•       The tendency for triads to segregate into a coalition of the dyad against the isolate.

•       Primary groups

–      Groups consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships. 

•       Secondary groups

–      Groups with large membership, less intimate, and less long lasting.

•       Informal Group

–      Is recognized as one which evolves without explicit design and which is not specifically organized to attain a given end

•       Formal Group

–      Is one which usually has a definite purpose, explicit procedures and which is characterized by divisions of labor which is highly specialized

•       In-groups

–      Can be defined as any group or category to which people feel they belong

•       Out-groups

–      Is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong

•       Referenced group  

–      any group that individuals use as s standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

•       Uni-bonded Group

–      is a group whose members are united by only one common interest or purpose

•       Multi-bonded Group

–      Is a group whose members are united by more than one tie (interest, needs and values)

•       Social Networks

–      Consists of people linked by various social ties

–      Numerous research studies indicate that people get jobs via their personal networks more often than through formal job listings, want ads, or placement agencies.

•       Group Dynamics

–      Is the study of small groups, of the patterns of interaction within a group, and of the inter-relationship between group and its environment, including other groups

•       Two Types of Group Leaders

–      Instrumental (task-oriented) leaders are those try to keep the groups moving toward its goals, reminding the members of what they are trying to accomplish

–      Expressive (socio-emotional) leaders are those who are less likely to be recognized a leaders but help with the group’s morale

•       Leadership Styles

–      Authoritarian Leaders – are those who gives and frequently do not explain why they praise or condemn a person’s work

–      Democratic Leaders – are those who try to gain a consensus by explaining proposed actions, suggesting alternative approaches, and giving “facts” as the basis their evaluation of the member’s work

–      Laissez-faire Leaders – are those who are very passive and give the group almost total freedom to do as it wishes

–      Structure of Multi-group System

–      Organizations or Complex Organization – consists of a number of subgroups or subsystems with specialized functions, linked together through bilateral and reflexive role

–      Communities and Societies – seen as multi-group structures linked together by social relationships that are not necessarily directed toward common endeavors, in contrast to organizations

•       Formal Organization – is a highly organized group having objectives, formally stated rules and regulations, and a system of defined rules, each with clearly designated rights and duties

•       Bureaucracy – is a component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieved efficiency

•       Max Weber – introduced the concept of bureaucracy

•       Peter’s Principles – (Laurence J. Peter) asserts that each employee is promoted to his/ her level of incompetence; in fact Bureaucracies do have difficulty dealing with exceptional cases

Essential Characteristics of Bureaucracies

–      A hierarchy with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward

–      A Division of Labor

–      Written Rules

–      Written Communications and Records

–      Impersonality 

Bureaucratization – is the process in which formal organization increasingly takes on the characteristics of a bureaucracy

Organizational Change

–      Goal Multiplication – goals must change, it will typically establish additional goals or expand upon its traditional objectives

–      Goal Succession –occurs when a group or organization has either realized or been denied its goal. It must then identify an entirely new objective that can adjust its existence

•       Voluntary Associations – are specialized, formally organized groups, established on the basis of common interest, in which  membership is based on a deliberate choice or even pay to participate, or may resign.

•       Iron Law Oligarchy – (by Robert Michel) for the tendency of formal organization to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite

Stages in the development of bureaucracy (Weber)

•       Three conditions are necessary for the rise of bureaucracy:

–      a money economy,

–      a steady income to the bureaucracy

–      and a large population base

Six characteristics of Weber's ideal bureaucracy

•       Bureaucracies are large-scale, formal organizations that are highly differentiated and organized through elaborate policies and procedures in a hierarchy of authority.

•       They are characterized by;

–      fixed division of labor,

–      hierarchy of offices,

–      written documents,

–      management by trained experts,

–      official work as the primary activity and

–      management by rules.

Functions and dysfunctions of modern bureaucracy

–      Bureaucracy allows a society to accomplish large and complicated tasks, provides an efficient means for repetitive tasks and creates order in society.

–      It also facilitates large-scale conflict by sometimes creating inappropriate or harmful rules, slowing upward communication of bad news,

–      promoting antagonism between superiors and subordinates, perpetuating itself after it has served its purpose, growing beyond a size that is efficient,

–      creating a situation in which workers feel dehumanized,

–      creating a gulf between those at the top and those at the bottom and becoming a tool for exploitation.

–      Robert Merton suggests that working in a bureaucracy for extended periods tends to entangle workers in rules, reinforcing timid and rigid attitudes among them.

Deviance Behavior, Social Control and Conformity

•       Deviance – is the violation of rules/ norms, regardless of seriousness.

–      It is not the act itself that makes an action deviant, rather how society reacts to it

–      What is deviant to some is not deviant to others.

•       Deviants – are the people who violate rules, whether the interaction is minor (jaywalking) or serious (murder)

Symbolic Interactionism Perspective

–      Interprets life through the symbols that we learn from groups to which we belong

–      Differential Association – to indicate that whether people deviate or conform is influenced most by the group with which they associate

–      Control Theory – two control system are at work; inner controls are one’s capacity to withstand temptations towards deviance (morality, integrity fear of punishment) outer controls involve groups (family, friends, the police) that influence a person to stay away from crime/ deviance

–      Labeling Theory – is the view that labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them

Functionalist Perspective (Durkheim)

–      Clarifies Moral Boundaries – a groups ideas about how people should act and think mark its moral boundaries

–      Promote Social Unity –the group collectively affirms the rightness of its own ways

–      Promotes Social Change – if boundary violations gain enough support, they become new acceptable behavior

•       Strain Theory (R. Merton)

–      Strain resulting from socializing people to desire a goal but denying many the means to reach it

•       Conformity – using lawful means to seek goals of society

•       Innovation – using illegitimate means to achieve them

•       Ritualism – giving up on achieving cultural goals but clinging to conventional rules of conduct

•       Retreatism – rejecting cultural goals, dropping out

•       Rebellion – seeking to replace society’s goals

•       Reactions to Deviants

–      Sanction – are either negative of positive sanctions (punishments and rewards)

–      Labeling

–      Degradation Ceremonies – are rituals designed to strip am individual of is or her identity as a group members

–      Imprisonment

•       Reactions by Deviants

–      Primary Deviants – to acts of deviants that has little effect on the self-concept, they still think of themselves as conformist. is a deviant act that receives little social reaction or mild, corrective reaction.

–      Secondary Deviants – to acts of deviants incorporated into a self concept, around which an individual orients his or her behavior

–      Tertiary Deviants – the normalization of an act considered deviant by mainstream society; relabeling the act as non-deviant

•       Social Control – is the formal and informal means of enforcing norms in society

–      It refers to techniques and strategies for regulating human behavior in any society

–      Positive Social Control – depends on the positive motivation of the individual to conform (rewards, internal motivation)

–      Negative Social Control – depends on punishment or fear of punishment, ranging from laws

Conformity and Obedience

•       Conformity – is a behavior that is in accord with the expectations of the social group. Endeavor to maintain a standard set by a group. It is

•       Obedience – It is defined as a compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

•       Sanctions used to encourage conformity and obedience and to discourage violation of social norms are carried out through informal and formal social control

–      Informal Social Control norms are enforce through the use of the informal sanctions which include praise or ridicule, raising of an eyebrow, and laughter

–      Formal Social Control – carried out by authorized agents

–      Laws as Social Control

–      Is a system of standardized norms regulating human conduct, deliberately established for the purposed of social control

•       How the mentally ill are treated?

–      The mentally ill not only are treated as deviants but are feared. The fact that society treats them in this way increases their chances of being deviant in the future. The labeling of the mentally ill decreases their chances of future employment and of normal social relationships.

Crime

–      Crime is behavior that violates criminal law. It can be defined through laws, through official police reports of crime, or through victimization surveys of persons who have been involved in crime but perhaps not involved with the police department.

•       Who are the criminals and how are they treated by society?

–      A criminal is someone who has become publicly associated with commission of crime.

What distinguishes white collar crime and how might it be deterred?

–      White-collar crime is crime committed by a person of responsibility and high social status in the course of his or her occupation.

–      It differs from conventional crime in that the victims may be unaware of the crime and the offender may not view himself as a criminal.

–      Deterrence of white-collar crime by regulatory agencies and internalized controls in organizations appears to be most promising.

Social Class and Inequality

•       Social Stratification – involves inequality, arising either from the actual functions performed by the persons involved or from the superior power and control of resources possessed by certain individuals or group

–      Slavery – A form of social stratification in which some people own other people.

–      Caste System – status is determined by birth, hence hereditary by nature and is lifelong and tends to be fixed and immobile.

–      Is  a closed social stratum based on hereditary that determines its members prestige, occupation, place of residence and social relationships

–      Class System – is a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence mobility

–      Estate System – was associated with feudal society during the middle age

–      Gender and Social Stratification – every society is stratified according to gender

•       What are the five basic viewpoints on why stratification exists?

–      Natural inevitability - which suggests that inequality exists because of natural differences in people's abilities and is a just system.

–      Structural -functionalist - which states that stratification is useful to society because it enhances stability and induces members of the society to work hard.

–      Conflict - which suggests that stratification occurs through conflict between different classes, with the upper classes using superior power to take a larger share of the social resources.

•       Evolutionary - which states that people will share enough resources to ensure the survival of the group until a surplus exists at which time power determines how the surplus is distributed.

•       Symbolic Interactionist - which calls attention to the importance of symbolic displays of wealth and power that influence one's definition of self and the importance of ideas in defining social situations.

•       Global Stratification

–      First World

–      Second World

–      Third World

•       Reasons for World Nations Stratification

–      Imperialism – conquests expanded markets, gained access to cheap raw materials

–      Colonialism

–      World System Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein)

•       Core Nations (Capitalism)

•       Semi –periphery – nations in Mediterranean

•       Periphery – Eastern European Countries

•       External Areas - Africa and Asia

–      Globalization

–      Dependency Theory – the lack of economic development in the Third World to the dominance of the world economy by the industrialized nations

–      Culture of Poverty (John Kenneth Galbraith)

Maintaining Global Stratification

•       Neo Colonialism – first world countries controls the third world without force because it controls markets, set prices and etc.

•       Multinational Corporation – contribute to exploitation of the third world countries. Directly by controlling national and local politics, running them as fiefdom

•       Class – is a large category of people within a system of social stratification who have a similar socioeconomic status in relation to other segments of their community or society

•       Social Class – is organized,  and the individuals and families who compose it are relatively similar in educational, economic and prestige status

•       Social Mobility – the movement of an individual or group from one social class or social stratum to another

Types of Mobility

–      Vertical Social Mobility – movement between different social classes or status levels of a society or social system

–      Horizontal Social Mobility – is a change in one’s social position without a corresponding change in one’s general position in a prestige hierarchy or social class level

–      Ecological Mobility – is the movement of persons from one physical location to another, usually used with reference to a change of residence.

–      Inter-generations Mobility – is the vertical change of social status from one generation to the next

–      Social Distance Mobility – is an inter-generational mobility within a society that is not a result of demand mobility but instead represents a change in one’s social class position which place one higher that one’s parents in the relative status hierarchy

–      Demand Mobility – is an intergenerational mobility within a society due to changes in the occupational structure of the society

•       Open System – a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his / her achieved status

•       Closed System – a social system in which there is no possibility of individual social mobility

Inequalities in Gender

•       Gender Stratification – refers to men’s and women’s unequal access to power, prestige and property

•       Sex – refers to biological characteristics distinguishing males and females

•       Gender – refers to social characteristic which varies from one society to another

•       Minority Group – are people singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

•       Prejudice – is an unfavorable attitude toward any category or group of people based on one or an elaborate series of negative traits assumed to be uniformly distributed among the people toward whom is antagonistic

•       Discrimination – is an action, unfair treatment directed toward someone

•       Family

•       Courtship – is an interlude to marriage. 

•       Preparatory to courtship: Physical attraction, sexual attraction and then love

•       Family – is a group of people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage or adoption

Theoretical Explanation of Marriage and Family

•       Functionalist Perspective

•       Family is a universal

•       The incest taboo helps the family avoid confusion and forces people to look outside family for marriage partners

•       Industrialization has made family more fragile

•       Conflict Perspective

•       Industrialization forced families to change

•       Industrialization placed husbands and wives in such different domains of life that it changed their character

•       Symbolic Interactionism Perspective

•       Focus on meanings people give their marital relationships

•       By conversation in which they share ideas and feelings and over time, see things from increasingly closer perspectives

Classification of Family

•       According to Internal Organizations

•       Nuclear – composed of husband, wife and children

•       Extended – when in addition to the nuclear unit, grandparents, uncles and cousins

•       According to Descent

•       Patrilineal – family members trace their relationships and affiliations with the paternal side

•       Matrilineal - family members trace their relationships and affiliations with the maternal side

•       Bilateral – family members trace their relationships and affiliations with both parents

•       According to Power/ Authority

•       Patriarchal – the authority is vested in the oldest male member of the family

•       Matriarchal – the mother or the grandmother has the authority and dominates the household

•       Egalitarian – both husband and wife exercise equal amount of power/ authority

•       According to Residence Pattern

•       Neo-local – the couple resides in a new place, independent from either the parents of the husband and wife

•       Matrilocal – the married couple resides with or near the parents of the wife

•       Patrilocal - the married couple resides with or near the parents of the husband

•       Bilocal – the married couple resides alternately with either their parents

•       Role of Marriage in a Family

•       Marriage that is interlude in the creation of a family plays a vital role for the success story of family goals and aspirations

•       Patterns of Mate Selection

•       Endogamy – these are set of norms specifying that people must marry within their own group

•       Exogamy – a marriage between two individuals who do not belong to the same group

•       Number of Spouse Pattern

•       Polygymy – a man marries more than one spouse at a time

•       Polyandry – a woman marries two or more husbands at a time

•       Polygamy – applied to both husband and wife

•       Monogamy – where a man or a woman is allowed to marry only one at a time

•       Sexual Relationship

•       Sex – is an important process or pro-creation

•       Sexual Fidelity – is an obligation of both husband and wife during the entire duration of marriage

•       Issues Confronting the Filipino Family

•       Change in Gender Role – industrialization has made the roles of parents altered and extremely modified

•       Child Rearing Dilemma

•       Sexual Relationship

•       Battered and Marital Rape

•       Incest

•       Other Issues

•       Homosexual Marriages

•       Cohabitation

•       Child Mother minus the Father

•       The Law of Family

•       Annulment – happens when the court declares a union on marriage “void ab initio” or void from the beginning for the reason or causes cited in the Philippine Family Code

•       Legal Separation – in cases where married couples who want to seek an annulment failed to convince the court, a legal separation is the cure

•       Family Planning

•       Defined as rational, voluntary and moral management of all the processes of family life including human reproduction

Basic Characteristics of Family Planning

•       Rationality – it must be based on the intelligence and sound reason of an individual who will practice it

•       Voluntary – it must radiate from the actual free-will of the person of an individual who will practice

•       Morality – it must stem from the moral conviction of the person, to free one from guilt and conscience

•       Objective of Family Planning

•       Promotion of Human Dignity

•       Realization of Economic Stability

•       Guarantee for better Health

•       Achievement of Human Happiness

These objectives, according to experts could be achieved through;

•       Birth regulation and proper spacing of children

•       Treatment for infertility

•       Family Life and sex education

•       Pre-marital guidance and marriage counseling

•       Pre-natal and post-natal care

•       Education

School – the agents for change of the institution that transforms man into a better person

Theoretical Perspectives on Education

•       Functionalists Perspective: Providing Social Benefits

• Teaching knowledge and Skills

•           Agent of Transmission of Culture and Values – learned about history and cultural heritage, which made a person proud of his/her race

–        Individualism - to survive alone, and can promote cheating

–        Competition – active participation in the formal course as required by the curriculum, while outside classroom; competition through extra-curricular activities

–        Patriotism – love of country

–        Social Integration – to learn and simulate others will be a great step towards and individual to live in harmony

–        Gate Keeping- people will enter into what occupation/work

–        Agent of Change and Social Mobility – accumulate income for him to climb in the next higher social and economic status

•       Personal Development – teaches to become a better person

•       School as a Social Network – good place or a ground for getting a sweetheart, lover, husband and wife

•       School as the Loco Parentis – 2^nd parents/ Home

Conflict Perspective: Maintaining Social Inequality

•       Controlling sector of society to maintain their dominance

•       Values/work habits taught to students “prepare for life” are merely devices to teach the middle and lower classes to support the capitalist class

•       Unequal funding stacks the deck against minorities and the poor

•       Focusing IQ test reflect a cultural bias that favors the middle class and discriminates against the minority and lower class students

•       Regardless of ability the wealthy are placed in college-bound tracks and many children of poor in vocational tracks

•       Symbolic Interactionism Perspectives: Teacher Expectations and the Self-fulfilling Prophecy

•       Face to face interaction inside the classroom

•       Grades

•       Role of Schools

•       Educate citizens to fit into society

•       Educate citizens to change the society

Specific Purposes

–      Cognitive Purposes – teaching the basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing and speaking

–      Political Purposes – inculcation of patriotism or loyalty to the existing order

–      Social Purposes – concerns with the socialization of citizens into their various role in society

–      Economic Purposes – involves training and preparation of citizens for the world of work

Theoretical Perspectives

•       Functionalist Theory – social equilibrium is achieved through the process of socialization of members into the basic values and norms of a particular group so that consensus is reached

–      Talcott Parsons – conceptualized society as a collection of systems within systems

–      Emile Durkheim – believed that education plays a significant role in creating moral unity, which is an imperative in social cohesion and harmony

•       Conflict Theory – assumes a tension in society and its parts due to competing interest of individuals and groups

–      Karl Marx – believed that because the class system separates the employers from workers and workers from the benefits of their own labor, class struggle in inevitable

–      Max Weber – the father of bureaucratic thought was convinced that although power relations between dominant and powerless groups shape society, class differences alone could not fully explain the complex ways human beings form hierarchies and belief systems and make them work

•       Interaction Theories – communication and the relationship that exists among and between groups in education – peers, teacher, students.

•       Study the social-psychological questions that impact on normative attitudes values, aspirations and self-concepts of particular groups that in turn impact on the teaching-learning process

–      Labeling Theory – relate to expectations

–      Exchange Theory – based on the concept of reciprocity

Cognitive Development

•       Jean Piaget

•       Jerome Bruner

•       Lev Vygotsky

The Philippine School (Common Issues)

–      Education and Industry Mismatched

–      The Mediocre Instruction

–      The Mass Media Challenge

–      The False Values

Religion

•       Religion - a set of symbols and rituals that expresses a basic understanding of the world, especially it sacred dimension, and addresses the ultimate concerns of the meaning of human existence (Durkheim)

•       Ritual – is an established pattern of behavior through believers experience the sacred.

–      Are often used to mark changes in status, such as birth, marriage and death

•       Religious Symbols – are objects, images and words that take meaning from sacred things that they represent and that may become sacred themselves after repeated assoc.

•       Believed System

–      3 types of Belief System: Animism, theism and ethicalism

Theoretical Perspective on Religion

•       The Functionalist

–      religion performs certain function: answering question about ultimate meaning of life, why people suffer, emotional comfort, social solidarity, guidelines for life, social control, adaptation and social change

•       Symbolic Interactionism

–      Use symbols to provide identity and social solidarity for members

–      Rituals are ceremonies or repetitive practices helping to unite people into a moral community

–      Symbols, including rituals. Develop from beliefs

–      Religious experience is a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God

–      Shared meanings that come through symbols, rituals and beliefs unite people into a moral community which govern the behavior of the members

•       The Conflict Perspective

–      Conflict theorists are highly critical of religion because it diverts the energies of the oppresses from changing their circumstances

–      Religious teaching and practices reflects a society’s inequalities

–      Reflects the interest of those in power by teaching that the existing social arrangements of a society represent what God desires

•       Magic – is generally defined as a technique for controlling these unknown forces in such way as to produce a desired result

Religion functions

•       to promote social solidarity

•       strengthen the normative structure of the community

•       mark life events and explain life's uncertainties.

–      Animism – is a belief that spirits actively influence human life, animals, plants, rivers, mountains, even the wind are believed to contain spirits

–      Shamanism – is a form of animism that believes that spirits communicate with only one person in a group (Shaman)

–      Totemism – involves a belief in kinship between human and animals or natural objects

–      Theism – is belief in one or many gods (Monotheism or Polytheism)

–      Ethecalism – is based on the idea that moral principles have sacred quality

•       Organizational Structures

–      Ecclesia – is a structured bureaucratic organization closely allied with the government whose officials are highly trained and wield considerable power

–      Denomination – is a well-established religious organization in which a substantial number of population are numbers

–      Sect – is a relatively mall religious organization because of differences concerning belief

–      Cult – is a new religion whose beliefs and practices differ markedly from those a society’s major religions

Major Religions in the World

•       Christianity: 1.9 billion people

•       Islam: 1.1 billion

•       Hinduism: 800 million

•       Buddhism: 325 million

•       Judaism: 13 million

Christianity

•       Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ

•       Originated in Palestine in the 1st century AD

•       Believe that Jesus was the son of God who came and died for people’s sins and then rose so that all people could be saved

•       Believe in one God(monotheistic) who created the universe and all things in it

•       Christianity originally developed as a part of Judaism

Christian Way of Life

•       Fellowship with God

•       Our relationships with others

•       Obedience to God's commands

•       Discipline

•       Ten Commandments

•        

Judaism

•       Is a monotheistic religion

•       Judaism is the oldest and smallest of the world's five great religions

•       Being a part of a Jewish community and living one's life according to Jewish law and traditions is very important.

•       The fundamental beliefs of Judaism are:

                -There is a single, all-powerful God,                               who created the universe and                          everything in it.

                -God has a special relationship with the        Jewish people due to covenant that                God made with Moses on Mount                 Sinai, 3500 years ago.

Rambam’s 13 Principles of Faith

1.       God exists

2.       God is one and unique

3.       God is incorporeal

4.       God is eternal

5.       Prayer is to be directed to God alone and to no other

6.       The words of the prophets are true

7.       Moses’ prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets

8.       The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral   Torah were given to Moses

9.       There will be no other Torah

10.    God knows the thoughts and deeds of men

11.    God will reward the good and punish the wicked

12.    The Messiah will come

13.    The dead will be resurrected

•       The Jewish place of worship is called a Synagogue

•       The religious leader of a Jewish community is called a Rabbi

•       Unlike leaders in many other faiths, a rabbi is not a priest and has no special religious status

•       The Jewish holy day, or Sabbath(Shabbat), starts at sunset on Friday and continues until sunset on Saturday

•       During the Sabbath, Jews do not work(drive, cook, etc)

•        

Hinduism

•       Hinduism includes a very wide range of beliefs and practices, so there aren't many things that are common to all Hindu groups

•       Hinduism has no founder, no single book of faith, no creed, and no single source of authority(such as Jesus)

•       Hinduism is very individualistic but a big part of a person’s everyday life

•       There are 750 million Hindus in the world, mostly in India

Four Stages of Life

1.       Ages 12-24 you get educated and trained

2.       Ages 24-48 you get married, raise a family, make money, get involved in many things

3.       Ages 48-72 you become a mentor to a young person and start isolating themselves from the outside world

4.       At age 72 you end ties to the outside world and get rid of your worldly possessions. Prayer and devotion become very important.

•       Mostly aimed at men and is not followed as much as it used to be

Buddhism

•       Founded in India around 500 BC by Siddhartha Guatama

•       Became Buddha, the Enlightened One, when he was 29

•       He was trying to find the true meaning of life and eventually, through four trance-like stages of meditation, he was enlightened to the Buddhist was of life

•       His main teachings was to eliminate human wants as they are the cause of suffering in the world

Eight Fold Path

•       1. Right View

–      To see and view things as they really are

–      Attained true wisdom

•       2. Right Intention

–      Think and do the right things at all times

•       3. Right Speech

–      Do not lie, curse, slander, or gossip

•       4. Right Action

–      Do not harm yourself or others, do not steal, and no sexual misconduct

•       5. Right Livelihood

–      No jobs dealing in weapons, in living beings (including raising animals for slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution), working in meat production and butchery, and selling alcohol and drugs

•       6. Right Effort

–      Give 100% effort in what you do

•       7. Right Mindfulness

–      Having the power to control our thought process and see the truth behind things

•       8. Right Concentration

–      Ability to have deep concentration and ability to focus on wholesome thoughts and actions

•       Population and Urbanization

•       Demography – is the study of size, composition, growth and distribution of human population.

•       Thomas Malthus – an English economists, first noticed that the population of Europe is becoming bigger, proposed the Malthusian Theory

•       Anti-Malthusians – Julian Simon regards this image as dead wrong simply because one does not blindly reproduce until there is no room left

–      Contraception

–      Modern Medicine

–      Modern Technology for Agriculture

–      Modern Techniques for Food Processing

•       Elements of population and how are they measured

–      Size - is measured through census or official count of people and their relevant characteristics such as age, sex and occupation.

–      Composition - refers to the distribution of a population in various categories like age or sex.

–       Composition can be measured by such terms as the sex ratio, the median age, the dependency ratio and the population pyramid, a pictorial representation of the age and sex distribution of the population of an area.

Factors that Affect Population

–      Fertility Rate – refers to the number of children that the average woman bears

–      Mortality Rate – refers to the number of death per 1000 population.

–      Migration – refers to the movement of people from one place to another, and it has two main kinds;

•       Internal Migration – refers to movement of people within the same country

•       External Migration – refers to the movement of people from country of origin to another country

•       Why do People Migrate?

–      In search of greener pasture or better life

–      For reason of peace and security

–      For political reasons

–      Population Shrinkage – is phenomenon where the age difference between the old and young members of the population is too marginal. This phenomenon existing in Austria, Sweden and Germany

•       Community - is a concentrated settlement of people in a limited territorial area within which they satisfy many of their daily needs through a system of interdependent relationships.  It could be rural or urban

•       Urbanization – strong attractions of neon lights, big buildings and huge department stores and the thought that the city could make them rich motivated people to move from rural areas to the urban areas

•       Who lives in the Cities?

–      Cosmopolites – these are the city’s students, intellectuals, professionals, artists and entertainers

–      The Singles – otherwise known as the young professionals, these people are usually educated, professionals and highly motivated individuals who live on their owns

–      The Ethnic Villagers – united by race and social class, these individuals live by group community in a specific local of the city. Ex. The Muslims of Quiapo

–      The Deprived – are considered to be the lowest form of animals that failed to survive in the competition with other living organisms in the jungle. Ex. Taong Grasa, street Children, Taong Kariton

–      The Trapped – urban dwellers are trapped in the city with no escape for one reason or another (people who have fallen from higher society, elderly people, alcoholics and other drug dependents

•       Sub-urbanization – this is the process by which factories, and other means of production, recreation and modern subdivisions are transferred to nearby places from the main cities

•       Why Curb the Population?

–      War

–      Famine

–      Natural Calamities

–      Epidemic

–      Demographic transition - is the pattern populations follow as their nations develop from an agricultural base to an industrial one.

–      Stage one has high birth and death rates.

–      Stage two has a high birth rate and lower death rate.

–      In stage three the birth rate falls, bringing about a stable population size again.

–      Over Population – excessive number of people residing within a delimited geographic area

•       Under Population – happens when the number of people living is too little compared to the territory they occupied

•       Rural Community – as defined by Dwight Sanderson, that form of association maintained between the people and their institutions in a local area in which they live on dispersed farmsteads and in a village which usually forms the center of their common activities

•       Urban Community – a community with a high population density, a predominance of nonagricultural occupations, a high degree of specialization resulting in a complex division of labor and a formalized system of local government

•       Urban Ecological Models

–      Concentric Model – Ernest W. Burgess developed this, this model adhere to the structure of a typical city with a business district as its core or center

–      Sector Model – by Homer Hoyt in 1939, residences of a particular type and value tend to grow outward from the center of the city in wedge-shaped sectors with the more expensive residential neighborhoods situated along the higher ground near lakes and rivers or along particular streets that stretch in one direction or another from the downtown area

–      Multiple Nuclei Model – Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed in 1940. It depicts a city as having not only one buy numerous centered of development. These several centers must be based on specialized activities to meet the needs of urban folks

•       Problems confronting Urban Communities

–      Pollution – water, air, land, noise

–      Employment – underemployment, unemployment

–      Higher Crime Rates

–      Squatting

Collective Behavior & Social Movement

•       Collective Behavior – refers to inter-related and similar but unstructured and patterns of behavior on the part of a number of persons who responding to a common influence or stimulus

•       Collective behavior describes the actions, thoughts and feelings of a relatively temporary and unstructured group of people.

•       Collective Behavior is not  group behavior, for this is not sufficient organization and interaction for the person involved to be considered a social group

•       Forms of collective behavior are manifested in various types of crowd behavior, the spread fads and fashions, the formation of public opinion, and the rise of social movements

Four Types of Crowd Behavior

–      Casual crowd - gathers around a specific event and its members have little interaction with one another.

–      Conventional crowd - gathers for a socially sanctioned purpose.

–      Expressive crowd - gathers specifically for the purpose of letting out emotions.

–      Acting crowd - focuses on a specific action or goal.

What do contagion and convergence theories say about crowd behavior?

–      LeBon's Contagion theory - is that a collective mind forms in a crowd which takes over the individual minds of crowd members and causes them to act alike.

–      Convergence theory - builds on this by suggesting that crowd members do not really lose their individuality in a group but act from their unconscious selves.

•       Forms of Collective Behavior

–      Riot – violent crowd behavior aimed against people and property, usually caused by frustration and anger at deprivation

–      Panic – is a behavior that results when people become fearful that they can not function normally

–      Rumors – information for which there is no discernible source and which is usually unfounded

–      Fad – is a temporary pattern of behavior that catches people’s attention

–      Fashion – is a more enduring version of fads. It is most often thought of in terms of clothing fashions, it can also refer to hairstyles, home decorating, designs and colors of buildings and language

•   Urban Legends – are stories with an ironic twist that sound realistic but are false

•   Crowd – is a temporary gathering of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest

•   Public – refers to dispersed group of people, not necessarily in contact with one another, who share an interest in an issue

•   Public Opinion – refers to expressions or attitudes on matters of public policy that are communicated to decision makers

•       Social Movements – refers to organized activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

•       Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life

•       Main Characteristics of Social Movements

–      Social unrest provides fertile ground for social movements

–      Express dissatisfaction with current conditions and promise something better

–      Are highly organized

–      Attract committed followers, including a core of true believers

–      Attempt to change social conditions

–      Potentially lead to extensive social change, even the transformation of the society

•       David Aberle classified social movements according to the type and amount of social change they seek

•       2 types to seek to change people:

–      Alternative Social Movements – seek to alter only particular aspects of people (liberation of women)

–      Redemptive Social Movements – seek to change people totally (religious movement)

•       2 types of seeks to change society:

–      Reformative Social Movements – seek to reform only one part of society (social awareness of animals and environment)

–      Transformative Social Movements – seek to change the social order itself and to replace it with their own version of ideal society

•       Three Levels of Membership

–      Inner Core – the leadership that sets goals, timetables

–      People Committed to the Goals of the Movement

–      People who are neither committed or dependable

•       Three types of Publics are:

–      Sympathetic – sympathize with goals of movement but have no commitment to movement

–      Hostile – keenly aware of group’s goals and want the movement t be stopped

–      Indifferent – people who are unaware of or indifferent toward the movement

•       Theories of Social Movements

–  Deprivation Theory – states that movements are organized by people who feel deprived of some  resources or goods thereby forming alliances with the hope of improving their conditions

–  Mass Society Theory – explains that people who feel insignificantly in the society comprise social movements

–  Resource Mobilization Theory – believes in the significance of various resources in any social movements

–  Political Process Theory – It is almost similar to the resource mobilization, however, t emphasizes on political opportunities for social movements to develop

–  Structural Strain Theory – it traces the emergence of social movement to overwhelming social strains. People believe that the solution to societal problems in to mobilize people

–  Culture Theory – believes that for social movement to emerge, people must be able to develop an injustice frame

–  Contemporary Social Movements

–  Landless Peoples Movement

–  Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders Movement

Social Change, Globalization Technology and Environment

•       Social Change  - refers to any modification in the social organization of a society in any of its social institutions or patterns of social rules

•       Modernization – the change from agricultural to industrial societies

•       Classical Theories of Social Change

–      Hegelian Theory – is based on the interaction of opposing forces “starting from a point of momentary stasis, thesis counters by antithesis first yields conflicts, then it subsequently results in a new synthesis

–      Marxism – dealt with the unending struggle between social classes which brings out social change

–      Heraclitan Theory – deals with the constant change every organism experiences in the course of its existence

•       Modern Theories of Social Change

–      Cyclical Change Continuous Social Progress

–      Sociology Theory

–      Degeneration or Decline Theory

•       Factors that Contribute to Social Change

–      Pioneering Individuals

•       New ideas espoused by individuals

•       Lead to so called development of process or ideas from the subconscious to the conscious level

–      New Activities

•       Socio-economic activities as well as socio-political events

–      Cultural Transmission

•       Family

•       Mass media

–      Education

•       A powerful way of disseminating and sustaining developmental ideas which could be easily transmitted from one members of society to another

•       Globalization – is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that has been bringing the world closer through the exchange of goods and products, services, information, knowledge and culture

•       Effects of Globalization

–      Industrial Effect – internal trade is strengthened; there is the emergence of worldwide production markets

–      Financial Effect – access to external financing or borrowing

–      Political Effect – emergence of a world government which regulates relations among government

–      Information - immense increase of information flows between and among regions all over the world

–      Cultural – growth of the so-called cross cultural contracts which involves cultural diffusion

•       Negative Effects of Globalization

–      Sweatshops – where progressive countries utilize the work or labor force of poorer nations to take advantage of the lower wage rate of the latter

–      Brain Drain – relevant to the issue od sweatshops, the problem of brain drain comes into the discussion. Talented members of a poorer country prefer to work in more progressive countries

–      Environmental Degradation

•       Sociological and Anthropological Characteristics of a Society

–      Social Solidarity – members live and work together for mutual benefit

–      National or Cultural Identity – members of society share a common culture which enables then to follow patterns of action for harmonious existence with others

–      Language – members use a common language to communicate with one another

–      Hierarchical Organization – society is an economic, social and industrial organization

–      Large Membership – it is largest social unit

–      Specific Territory – members live in a definite geographical are

–      Ability to sustain Membership – it has the ability to endure, produce and sustain several generation of members

•       Transformation of Societies

–      Hunting and Gathering Societies – simplest form of societies, these groups depend much on hunting and gathering plants for their survival

–      Pastoral and Horticultural Societies – branched in one of two directions, very gradually, over thousands of years

•       Pastoral Societies – are based on the pasturing of animals like goats, sheep, cattle and camels

•       Horticultural Societies – are based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools

•       Agricultural Societies – second social revolution occurred when agricultural societies developed with the invention of the plow

–      Industrial Societies  - third social revolution began in 1765, used machines

–      Post-industrial Societies – refers to the new type of society based on interaction services and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

•       Social Change and Technology

–      William Ogburn – identified three processes of social change;

•       Inventions – which can be either material or social

•       Discovery – which is a new way seeing things

•       Diffusion – which is spread of an invention, discovery, or idea from one area to another

•       Three Types of Technology

–      Primitive

–      Industrial

–      Post- Industrial

•       Five ways which Technology can shape an entire society

–      Transformation od existing Technologies

–      Changes in Social Organization

–      Changes in Ideology

–      Transformation of Values

–      Transformation of Social Relationships

·         Social Change and the Natural Environment

–      Global Warming

–      Depletion of Ozone Layer

–      Acid Rain

–      Green House Effect

Sources:

•       Essentials of Sociology and Anthropology – An Interactive Study by Teresita M. Coloma, et. al. (2012)

•       Sociology: Theory and Practice by Ronnie E. Pasigui, et. al (2011)

•       St. Louie Review Center Handout, August 2014: Social Science: Sociology

•       LET Reviewer in Social Science by Rogelio Espiritu (2011)